Chapter 1 ; Challenging authority and feudalism Flashcards
What was Medieval society built on?
feudal system
Where was the king in the feudal system?
at the top
What was a medieval king meant to do?
defend people
lead army
peaceful country
deal with rebellions
relationship with Pope
Who did the Pope want the Archbishop of Canterbury to be?
Stephen Langton
Who did King John want the Archbishop of Canterbury to be?
someone he could control
What did the Pope ban?
Church services
- marriages
- funerals
How did the Barons feel after the Pope excommunicated King John and banned church services?
unhappy
thought they would go to hell
What were nicknames for King John?
lackland
softsword
Where did King John lose land?
France
Where did King John lose the crown jewels?
Wash
marshland
How did the Barons feel after King John lost the crown jewels?
questioned his competence
Why did the breakdown of the Church threaten the Barons?
people revolt
- invasion from foreign king
What caused the Magna Carta?
Barons unhappy
- scutage
- lost land in France
- ignored Great Council
- church services banned
What was scutage?
tax for barons who did not fight for King John when asked
When did King John meet with the Barons?
12 June 1215
Where did King John meet with the Barons?
Runnymede
Who led the army of Barons?
Robert Fitzwalter
What did the Magna Carta propose?
63 promises to establish relationship between King and people
Give some clauses of Magna Carta
- baron’s heir inherits land
- 25 barons monitor king
- merchants gained rights
- no scutage imposed on barons in counsel of realm
- English church free to make own appointments
When did the Pope declare the Magna Carta was invalid?
August 1215
What was caused by the Pope declaring the Magna Carta was invalid?
First Barons War
Who supported the Barons in the first Barons’ War?
French
Where did the Barons occupy during the First Barons War?
Rochester castle
When did the Barons occupy Rochester castle?
October 1215
How many siege engines did King John’s army have?
5 siege engines
- catapults
- trebuchets
What did King John’s army struggle to do?
break 3.6 m walls of Rochester castle
When did King John order pickaxes?
25 November
How many fat pigs did King John order?
40 fat pigs
What did King John order his troops to do?
dig under castle
burn wooden props down using pig fat
What did Barons promise to Prince Louis of France?
English throne
When did Prince Louis arrive with troops?
May 1216
When did King John die?
October 1216
What did Barons realise after King John’s death?
they did not want a French king
Who became King after King John?
King Henry III
When was Prince Louis announced King of England?
2nd June 1216
How did the Scottish King respond to Prince Louis?
swore allegiance
What were the short term consequences of Magna Carta?
- King John went back on his word meaning no immediate impact
- peasants and villeins not free
- only politically powerful and merchants benefitted
Who benefitted from the Magna Carta?
politically powerful and merchants
Who did not benefit from Magna Carta?
peasants and villeins
What were the long term consequences of Magna Carta?
- laws for King to follow
- people eventually gained freedom
- kings after signed Magna Carta
- becoming democracy
What was the significance of the Magna Carta at the time?
- first time king agreed to legal limit on power
- made king subject to law
- reinforced right to free/fair trial
What was the significance of the Magna Carta in the long term?
- applied to great proportion as more free
- referred to in defence of human rights and free/fair trial
- US constitution
What caused tension between Henry III and the Barons?
religion
politics
taxes
war
personal disagreements
Who did Henry III give jobs in English Church to?
Italian clergymen
What type of King was Henry III?
pious king
What did Barons dislike about Henry III’s religion?
disliked subservience to Pope
Why did links to Rome create problems?
financial commitments
- remove Sicilian royal family and replace with Pope’s son
What did Pope Alexander IV threaten?
excommunicate Henry III if he failed to pay
What did Henry III fail to do?
consult Barons
- ignored Magna Carta
Why did Italian clergymen anger Barons?
stopped Englishmen being promoted
Why did Henry III have close ties to France?
House of Lusagne due to marriage
Who was Henry III French tutor?
Peter de Roches
Who did Henry III replace Simon de Montfort with?
his son Edward
- felt betrayed
- bitter at perceived fall from grace
Why were Barons alarmed by Henry III’s link to France?
disliked French
- felt Britain coming under foreign rule
Who did Henry III listen to?
few advisors
What did Henry III attempt to win back?
land lost by father in France
How successful was Henry III in attempting to win land back in France?
took army to Brittany and Gascony in 1230 but returned defeated
- wasted money
When did relationship between Barons and Henry III begin to deteriorate?
1254
- Barons angered by money for Pope’s war in Sicily
Who became Holy Roman Emperor and what did this mean for Britain?
Henry’s brother Richard
- Henry would foot bill for Sicilian war
- increased taxes for Barons
When did Simon de Montfort call a Great Council Meeting?
1258 Great Council meeting called
How did the Provisions of Oxford benefit barons?
- make decisions without King’s approval
- 15 Barons in charge of Great Council
- refused funding for Sicilian wars
How did the Provisions of Oxford change the Great Council?
15 Barons in charge
- elected by 24 men
- 12 from Barons and 12 from King
How did the Provisions of Oxford change Britain?
- foreign members of royal household banished
- castles held by Englishmen
- taxes decided locally
- counties have Sheriffs
How did the Provisions of Oxford change the King’s power?
could not make decisions without approval of Barons
When were the Provisions of Oxford extended?
1259
- Provisions of Westminster
What were the Provisions of Westminster?
- reformed local government
- gave power to less wealthy
How did older barons feel about the Provisions of Westminster?
angry
- reforms getting in way of local interests
How did younger barons feel about the Provisions of Westminster?
angry
- not elected so lost influence
How did Henry III return to power?
- Barons were divided
- Pope cancelled Provisions of Oxford
- Simon left to France
When did the Pope cancel the Provisions of Oxford?
1261
What caused Simon de Montfort to leave to France?
Pope cancelling Provisions of Oxford
When did the Second Barons’ War begin?
1264
When was Simon de Montfort sent for?
Second Barons’ War
When was the Battle of Lewes?
1264
What happened at Battle of Lewes?
- King captured
- Simon de Montfort in charge
What did Simon de Montfort do whilst in charge?
- council of nine friends and allies
- reconfirmed MC and PoO
- called Great Council meeting
Who did Simon invite to Great Council meeting?
invited burgesses and knights
- developed democracy in England
When was the Battle of Evesham?
1265
What caused the Battle of Evesham?
Barons worried Simon too powerful
- did not support new Great Council
- wanted old lives of influence and money
- concerns of autocrat
What happened at Battle of Evesham?
Simon fell from horse
- body cut up
- parts sent around country
What were the short term consequences of Simon de Montfort?
Henry III never called Great Council in his reign til 1272
What were the medium term consequences Simon de Montfort?
King’s power challenged in 1649 in English Civil War
What were the long term consequences of Simon de Montfort?
Chartists working class suffrage
Women’s suffrage
What was the significance of Simon de Montfort at the time?
Provisions of Oxford
- removed foreign influence
- King agreed to MC
- became ruler of England
- challenged royal authority
How did Provisions of Oxford challenge royal authority?
Barons make decisions w/o
King make decisions with
What was the significance of Simon de Montfort in the long term?
- representatives of the commons
- Henry III and Edward summoned Commons to gain consent for tax
What was Simon de Montfort’s motivation?
personal
- not for good of people
Why did Simon de Montfort feel humiliated by Henry III?
put on trial for misrule in Gascony
How did Simon de Montfort take advantage of people?
- quick to seize his share when royal favourites lost land
- advanced his own wishes by using Commons when he fell out with Barons
