Chapter 3: Psychological Approaches

Question 1

Psychodynamic Approach

Answer 1

1) Free-Association
2) Processing Resistance:
-Momentary blocking when dealing with issue
3) Catharsis
4) Transference
-Process by which clients transfer emotions,
conflict and expectations from and about
others onto the therapist.

Question 2

Superego

Answer 2

• Processes are just as irrational as Id.
• Does not know much about reality
• Idealism

Question 3

Repression

Answer 3

-In which the individual unconsciously forces unwanted thoughts out of the conscious mind
Mainly id and superego.
-Memories which evoke shame, guilt, humiliation or self-deprecation.
-The capacity of the mind to be it’s own place is not limited to its ability to repress, to reject images and memories from consciousness, as important as that ability is.
-Rather, the mind is an editor, deleting whole chapters of experience and reorganizing others.

Question 4

Projection

Answer 4

-Consists of attributing to others the feelings that we repress ourselves.

Question 5

Denial

Answer 5

-Used when we refuse to accept something bad is happening or may happen.

Question 6

Displacement

Answer 6

• Used when it is unsafe to show negative feelings

- E.g., parents at a job they hate venting their frustration on the family members.

Question 7

Sublimation

Answer 7

-Rechanneling of psychic energy from socially unacceptable goals to socially desirable ones.

Question 8

Neo-Freudian Approach

Answer 8

-Archetype: We are born wiser than we think, already afraid of darkness and fire because our ancestors were, and already knowing of death because of past generations.

Question 9

Neo-Freudian Approach: Collective Unconscious

Answer 9

consisting of the memory traces of the experience of past generations and not just memories of early childhood as Freud thought.

Question 10

Karl Heinz’s Three Aspects of Self

Answer 10

1) Core Self
-Separateness and identity
-Aspires to power and control and enables us to fulfill our lifestyle
-To become more than the genes we were given (Jung).
-Develops during first six months of our life.
Aware that self and caregiver are separate.
2) Subjective Self
3) Verbal Self

Question 11

Karl Heinz’s Three Aspects of Self: Subjective Self

Answer 11

• Seven to nine months of age.
• Intersubjectivity: the sense that we can empathize with other people, understand one another’s intentions and feelings as well as share experiences about things and events.
• Disruptions result in difficulties feeling “connected” to others.
• the sense that we can empathize with others

Question 12

Karl Heinz’s Three Aspects of Self: Verbal

Answer 12

-Fifteen to eighteen months of age.
-self acts as a storehouse of knowledge and experience
-Symbols and language
-Can now communicate directly with the world.
however, language, distorts objective reality

Question 13

Selfobjects

Answer 13

-People and things that the self requires to keep operating at optimum level.

Question 14

Humanistic Approach: Freedom of Choice

Answer 14

• Individuals must use their freedom to to make authentic choices based on their own desires and goals, not those of others.
• Growth will occur when people take responsibility for their actions and work toward their own freely chosen goals.

Question 15

Humanistic Approach: Responsibility

Answer 15

-Responsible for how we perceive the world and for the way we react to those perceptions.

Question 16

Humanistic Approach: Capacity to Will

Answer 16

Exhortative Will: willpower
-Goal-directed will.
Not forced upon us but rather a freely chosen arousal in the service of a future that is willingly embraced.

Question 17

Humanistic Approach: Fear of Dying: Specialness

Answer 17

Specialness
Cope with these fears with notion of that they are special and by fusing with others
Denial mechanism: like someone who is dying, they believe that they are somehow exempt from the laws of nature.
Sometimes are positive, like heroics: people who believe that they are invulnerable and thus act courageously.

Question 18

Humanistic Approach: Fear of Dying: Fusion

Answer 18

Fusion
By attaching themselves to and making themselves indistinguishable from others, they hope that their lot is cast with them,
They believe that much as these others continue to live, so will they.
They also develop a fear of standing apart, they believe that if they do, they will no longer be protected from death.

Question 19

Existentialist Approach

Answer 19

Treatments that develop independence, goal-orientation and personal responsibility.
Disorder of will

Question 20

Humanistic Approach: Disorder of Will

Answer 20

Found among people who know what they should do, what they ought to do and must do but don’t know what they want to do.

Question 21

Humanistic Approach: People Fail for Three Reasons

Answer 21

• They fear wanting
• May fail to know what they want because they fear rejection
• May fail to know what they want because they are waiting for others to find it for them.

Question 22

Behavioral Approach

Answer 22

• Examines behaviors and the contingencies that govern them
• Ambitious effort to discover in the laboratory the general laws of human and animal learning and to apply these laws to the classroom, the workplace, the penitentiary and to society as a whole.

Question 23

Behavioral Approach: Environmentalism

Answer 23

• elief that all organisms are shaped by environment

- Through an experiment, we can find out what aspect of the environment caused our behavior and how we can change it.

Question 24

Behavioral Approach: Experimentalism or Experimental Method

Answer 24

• We can determine what causes people to forget to be anxious, to fight, and we can then apply these general laws to individual cases.
• Behavior…
  - Has observable causes
  - Can be studied experimentally

Question 25

Behavioral Approach: Optimism

Answer 25

• The belief that behaviors can change
• If an individual is a product of the environment and those parts of the environment that have molded that person can be known by experimentation, he will be changed when the environment is changed.

Question 26

Abnormal Behavior as Explained by Pavlovian Conditioning

Answer 26

• (Un)conditioned Stimulus

- (Un)conditioned Response

Question 27

Acquisition

Answer 27

The learning of a response based on the contingency between a CS and a US. Depending on the response to be learned, acquisition usually takes from three to fifteen pairings

Question 28

Extinction

Answer 28

Loss of the CS’s power to produce the formerly acquired response. Brought about by presenting the CS and no longer following it with the US.

Question 29

Pavlovian Therapies: Exposure

Answer 29

• Applied extinction

- Used to extinguish maladaptive behaviors by exposing patients to feared objects

Question 30

Pavlovian Therapies: Systematic Desensitization

Answer 30

-Patient imagines the feared object while in state of relaxation

Question 31

Operant Conditioning: Law of Effect

Answer 31

-When a given stimulus situation, a response is made and followed by positive consequences, the response will tend to be repeated; when followed by negative consequences, it will tend not to be repeated

Question 32

Concepts of Operant Conditioning

Answer 32

-Selective positive reinforcement
-behavior is encouraged through systematic
reinforcement
-Negative reinforcer
-an event whose removal increases the
probability that a recurrence of a response that
precedes it.
-Selective punishment
-behavior is discouraged by pairing an aversive
event with the undesirable behavior
-Discriminative stimulus
-A signal that means reinforcement is available
if the operant is made.
-Acquisition (See Pavlov)
-The learning of a response based on a
contingency between CS and a US
-Extinction (See Pavlov)
-Process in which learned behavior ceases to
be performed as the contingent reinforcer is
withdrawn.

Question 33

Operant Therapies

Answer 33

-Selective Positive Reinforcement
By systematic delivery of positive
reinforcement contingent on occurrence of
target behavior, this behavior becomes more
frequent
Example: anorexia treatment and getting
people to eat by rewarding them
-Selective Punishment
-When an undesirable behavior occurs, the
therapist applies an aversive event that
causes the occurrence to decrease.
Example: hitting when autistic people
partake in self-mutilation
-Extinction
One can eliminate a behavior by merely
omitting some highly desirable event whenever
the target behavior occurs.
Example: If maladaptive behavior is being
performed because positive reinforcement
is being given. Take away the positive
reinforcement.

Question 34

Cognitive Approach

Answer 34

• Abnormal thought that are manifested early on cause abnormal behavior.
• Addressing distorted thoughts by using real examples from person’s life

Question 35

Efficacy Expectations

Answer 35

-Expectations: cognitions that explicitly anticipate future events.
-Outcome expectations: a person’s estimate that a given behavior will lead to an outcome.
-Efficacy expectations: The belief that he can successfully execute the behavior that produce this outcome.
-Outcome and efficacy expectations are
different because a person may be certain that
a particular course of action will produce a
given outcome, but he may doubt that he can
perform this action.

Question 36

Cognitive Approach

Answer 36

Modifying Negative Appraisals
-the negative automatic thoughts that evaluate what happens to us and what we do

Changing attribution

• The explanation for why an event occurred
• External or internal
• Stable attribute: one that persists in time.
• Unstable attribute: one that is transient.
• Global: failure must occur on many different tasks
• Specific: failure must occur only on this task.

Revising long-term beliefs
-The unconscious dispositions that govern conscious mental events.

Question 37

Rational-Emotive Therapy

Answer 37

1) counter-propagandist, contradicting superstitions and self-defeating propaganda embodied in the irrational beliefs of the patient
2) encouraging, persuading, cajoling, and insisting that patient engage in behavior that would itself be forceful counter-propaganda against the irrational beliefs.

Question 38

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Core Conflictual Relationship Theme

Answer 38

1) Uses what a patient consciously thinks about to reveal an underlying themes that affect their relationships
2) Believe that distorted thinking causes disordered behavior and that correcting it will alleviate and even cure the disordered behavior.