Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Chapter 3 ( Principles Of Neoplasia ) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 ( Principles Of Neoplasia ) Flashcards

1
Q

Clonality can be determined by what ?

A

G6PD isoforms

Androgen receptor isoforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Clonality of B lymphocytes determined by what ?

A

Immunoglobulin light chain phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Kappa : lambda light chain ratio in normal and neoplasia ?

A

Norma 3 : 1

Neoplasia > 6 : 1 or < 1 : 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which cell in the body no benign tumor is derived from it ?

A

Lymphocytes ( only malignant )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many devisions usually occur before clinical symptoms arise from cancer ?

A

30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aflatoxins ?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Derived from aspergillus which can contaminate rice and grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alkylating agents ?

A

Leukemia / Lymphoma

Side effect of chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Alcohol ?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper esophagus
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Pancreatic carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arsenic

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin , Lung cancer , angiosarcoma of the liver
Present in cigarette smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Asbestos ?

A

Lung carcinoma and methothelioma

Lung carcinoma is much more likely to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cigarette smoke ?

A

Carcinoma of oropharynx , esophagus , lung , kidney , bladder and pancreas
Polycyclic hydrocarbons are particularly carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nitrosamines ?

A

Stomach carcinoma

Found in smoked food ( high risk in japan )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nephthylamine ?

A

Urothelial carcinoma of bladder

Derived from cigarette smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vinyl chloride

A

Angiosarcoma of the liver

Occupational exposure , used to make PVC for use in pipes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nickel , chromium , beryllium or silica ?

A

Lung carcinoma

Occupational exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oncogenic viruses and their cancers ?

A

1- EBV : nasopharyngeal carcinoma , burkitt lymphoma , CNS lymphoma in AIDS

2- HHV-8 : kaposi sarcoma

3- HBV , HCV : hepatocellular carcinoma

4- HTLV-1 : adult T cell leukemia / lymphoma

5- HPV ( 16,18,31,33) : squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus, cervix and adenocarcinoma of cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ionizing radiation ?

A

AML
CML
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
Generates hydroxyl free radicles

18
Q

Nonionizing radiation ?

A

BCC of skin
SCC of skin
Melanoma of skin
Results in formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA

19
Q

Categories of oncogenes ?

A 
1- Growth factors 
2- Growth factor receptors 
3- Signal transducers 
4- Nuclear regulators
5- cell cycle regulators
20
Q

Mechanism of mutated ras causing cancers ?

A

Inhibits the activity of GTPase activating protein , this prolongs the activated state of ras resulting in increased growth signals

21
Q

PDGFB ?

A

Platelet derived growth factor
Overexpression / autocrine loop
Astrocytoma

22
Q

ERBB-2 / HER2-neu ?

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor
Amplification
Subset of breast carcinoma
Ttt : Transtuzamab ( Herceptin )

23
Q

RET ?

A

Neural growth factor receptor
Point mutation
MEN 2A , MEN 2B , sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid

24
Q

KIT ?

A

Stem cell growth factor receptor
Point mutation
Gastrointestinal stroma tumor

25
Q

RAS gene family ?

A

GTP binding protein
Point mutation
Carcinomas , melanoma , lymphoma

26
Q

ABL ?

A

Tyrosine kinase
t(9;22) with BCR
CML and some types of ALL (Ph + )

27
Q

c-MYC ?

A

Transcription factor
t(8;14) involving IgH
Burkitt lymphoma

28
Q

N-MYC ?

A

Transcription factor
Amplification
Neuroblastoma

29
Q

L-MYC ?

A

Transcription factor
Amplification
Lung carcinoma ( small cell )

30
Q

Cyclin D1 ?

A

Cyclin
t(11;14) involving IgH
Mantel cell lymphoma

31
Q

CDK4 ?

A

Cyclin dependent kinase
Amplification
Melanoma

32
Q

Mechanism of Rb mutation in causing retinoblastoma ?

A

Results in constitutively free E2F allowing progression through the cell cycle and uncontrolled growth of cells

33
Q

Defect in Follicular lymphoma ?

A

t(14;18) moves Bcl2 gene to the Ig heavy chain locus on chromosome 14 resulting in increased Bcl2 —> mitochondrial membrane is further stabilized prohibiting apoptosis

34
Q

Sequence of tumor invasion and spread ?

A

Down regulation of E-cadherin —> dissociation of attached cells —> cells attach to laminin —> destroy basement membrane by Collagenase —> cells attach to fibronectin and spread locally —> entrance into vascular or lyphatic spaces for distant spread

35
Q

Carcinomas that exhibit hematogenous spread ?

A

1- renal cell carcinoma
2- hepatocellular carcinoma
3- follicular carcinoma of the thyroid
4- choriocarcinoma

36
Q

Keratin histochemical stain for ?

A

Epithelium

37
Q

Vimentin histochemical stain for ?

A

Mesenchyme

38
Q

Desmin histochemical stain for ?

A

Muscle

39
Q

GFAP histochemical stain for ?

A

Neuroglia

40
Q

Neurofilament histochemical stain for ?

A

Neurons

41
Q

Chromogranin histochemical stain for ?

A

Neuroendocrine cells ( small cell carcinoma of lung and carcinoid tumors )

42
Q

S-100 histochemical stain for ?

A

Melanoma
Schwannoma
Langerhans cell histiocytes

Pathology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions