Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Chapter 15 ( Endocrine ) > Flashcards

Chapter 15 ( Endocrine ) Flashcards

1
Q

Presentation of non functional tumors of anterior pituitary ?

A

Mass effect :
Bitemporal hemianopia
Hypopituitarism
Headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dopamine agonists ?

A

Bromocriptine

Cabergoline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does hypopituitarism symptoms arise ?

A

When > 75% of the pituitary parenchyma is lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of hypopituitarism ?

A

1- pituitary adenoma in adults or Craniopharyngioma in children due to mass effect
2- Pituitary apoplexy
3- Sheehan syndrome
4- Empty sella syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Presentation of Sheehan syndrome ?

A

Poor lactation
Loss of pubic hair
Fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of Empty sella syndrome ?

A

1- secondary to trauma which damages the pituitary

2- herniation of the arachnoid and CSF into the sella compresses and destroys the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus ?

A

Inherited mutations

Drugs that blocks the effect of ADH on renal distal tubules as Lithium and Demeclocycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of SIADH ? Clinical features ? Ttt ?

A

1- Ectopic production ( ex: small cell carcinoma of the lung )
2- CNS trauma
3- Pulmonary infection
4- Drugs as Cyclophosphamide

Presents with :
Hyponatremia and low serum osmolality
Mental status changes and seizures ( as hyponatremia leads to neuronal swelling and cerebral edema )

Ttt :
Free water restriction
Demeclocycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Increased BMR in hyperthyroidism is due to ?

A

Increased synthesis of Na-K ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mechanism of Graves disease ?

A

Autoantibody IgG that stimulates TSH receptor ( Type ll hypersensitivity )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mechanism of Exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema in Graves disease ?

A

Fibroblasts behind the orbit and overlying the chin express the TSH receptor
TSH activation results in Glycosaminoglycans ( chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid ) build up , inflammation , fibrosis and edema leading to exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Histology of Graves disease ?

A

Irregular follicles with scalloped colloid and chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of cretinism ?

A

Maternal hypothyroidism during early pregnancy
Thyroid agenesis
Dyshormonogemetic goiter
Iodine deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most common causes of myxedema ?

A

Iodine deficiency
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Drugs as Lithium
Surgical removal or radiablation of the thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism in regions where iodine levels are adequate ?

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis is associated with ?

A

HLA-DR5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antibodies present in Hashimoto thyroiditis ?

A

Antithyroglobulin antibody
Anti thyroid peroxidase antibodies
Antimicrosomal antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Histology of Hashimoto thyroiditis ?

A

Chronic inflammation with germinal centers and Hurthle cells ( eosinophilic metaplasia of cells that line follicles )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis increases risk for ? Presentation ?

A 
B cell ( marginal zone ) lymphoma 
Presents as enlarging thyroid gland late in disease course
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

De Quervain thyroiditis mechanism ? Presentation ? Fate ?

A

Granulomatous thyroiditis that follows a viral infection

Presents as a tender thyroid with transient hyperthyroidism

Self limited by 15% progress to hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Presentation of Reidel thyroiditis ?

A

Hypothyroidism

Hard as wood , non tender thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Follicular adenoma histology ?

A

Benign proliferation of follicles surrounded by fibrous capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Papillary thyroid carcinoma risk factor ? Histology ? Spread ?

A

Exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood

Comprised of papillae lined by cells with clear Orphan Annie eye nuclei and nuclear grooves , papillae are often associated with psammoma bodies

Spread to cervical LNs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Follicular carcinoma spread ?

A

Hematogenously

25
Multiple endocrine neoplasia ( MEN ) are associated with mutations in ?
RET oncogen
26
MEN 2A ?
Medullary carcinoma Pheochromocytoma Parathyroid adenoma
27
MEN 2B ?
Medullary carcinoma Pheochromocytoma Ganglioneuromas of the oral mucosa
28
Action taken when RET mutation is detected in a patient ?
Prophylactic Thyroidectomy
29
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid histology ?
Sheets of malignant cells in an amyloid stroma
30
Causes of primary hyperparathyroidism ?
Parathyroid adenoma Sporadic parathyroid hyperplasia Parathyroid carcinoma
31
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism ?
Chronic renal failure
32
Causes of hypoparathyroidism ?
Autoimmune damage to the parathyroid Surgical excision DiGeorge syndrome
33
Autosomal dominant form of pseudohyperparathyroidism is associated with ?
Short stature | Short 4th and 5th digits
34
Type l DM mechanism ? Associated with ?
Type lV hypersensitivity : autoimmune destruction of beta cells by T lymphocytes Associated with : HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4
35
Mechanism of DKA in stress ?
In stress epinephrine is secreted which in turn stimulated glucagon secretion
36
Mechanism of obesity causing type ll DM ?
Obesity leads to decrease numbers of insulin receptors
37
Histology of pancreas in type ll DM ?
Amyloid deposition in the islets
38
The leading cause of death among diabetics ?
Cardiovascular disease
39
Gross of kidneys in case of glomerulosclerosis due to DM ?
Small scarred kidneys with a granular surface
40
Glucose freely enters to ?
Schwann cells Pericytes of retinal blood vessels The Lens
41
The leading cause of blindness in the developed world ?
DM
42
MEN 1 ?
Parathyroid hyperplasia Pituitary adenomas Pancreatic endocrine neoplasms
43
Presentation of insulinomas ?
Episodic hypoglycemia with mental status changes that are relieved by administration of glucose
44
Presentation of Gastrinomas ?
Treatment resistant peptic ulcers which may be multiple and can extend to the jejunum ( Zollinger - Ellison syndrome )
45
Presentation of somatostatinomas ?
Achlorhydria ( due to inhibition of gastrin ) | Cholelithiasis with steatorrhea ( due to inhibition of cholecystokinin )
46
Presentation of VIPomas ?
Watery diarrhea Hypokalemia Achlorhydria
47
Mechanism of moon face , buffalo hump and truncal obesity on Cushing syndrome ?
High glucose associated with Cushing syndrome —> high insulin —> increases storage of fat
48
Mechanism of hypertension in Cushing syndrome ?
Cortisone upregulates alpha-1 receptors on the blood vessels causing vasoconstriction
49
Primary hyperaldosteronism is most commonly due to ?
Sporadic adrenal hyperplasia
50
Causes of secondary hyperaldosteronism ?
Seen with activation of renin angiotensin system as in : Renovascular hypertension CHF
51
Most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia ?
Inherited 21 hydroxylase deficiency
52
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome ?
Acute adrenal insufficiency Characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal glands Classically due to DIC in young children with Neisseria meningitidis infection
53
Most common causes of Adisson disease ?
``` Autoimmune destruction ( most common cause in West ) TB ( most common cause in developing countries ) Metastatic carcinomas ( arising from the lung ) ```
54
Adrenal medulla is composed of ?
Neural crest-derived Chromaffin cells
55
Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma ?
Increased serum metanephrins | Increased 24 hours urine metanephrins and vanillylmandelic acid
56
Drug administered before surgical excision of pheochromocytoma to avoid hypertensive crisis ?
Phenoxybenzamine ( irreversible alpha blocker )
57
Sites of pheochromocytoma ?
Adrenal medulla ( 90% ) Bladder wall Organ of Zuckerkandl at the inferior mesentric artery root
58
Pheochromocytoma is associated with ?
MEN 2A MEN 2B Von Hippel-Lindau disease Neurofibromatosis Type l

Pathology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions