Chapter 3 Practice, feedback and psychological skill Flashcards
Define Effective Practice
For effective practice to take place, a coach should design practice tasks that allow
the learner to experience a reasonable amount of performance success.
define part practice
breaking down a complex skill into smaller, manageable parts.
- effective for inexperienced learners and complex, challenging skills
- may not always represent real performance.
define whole practice
practicing the whole skill and preferred when the leaners is proficient and the movement skill is relatively simple
define practice distribution
the schedule of training an dhow practice time is spaced out.
2 types or distribution
Massed - less frequent and longer lessons
Distributed- More frequent and shorter sessions.
2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of massed practice
advantages
-maximizes limited practice time
-less fatigue for discrete skill, requiring minimal rest
disadvantages
- can cause physical fatigue
-limited rest may hinder skill development.
2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of distributed practice
advantage
-more effective for learning new movement skill.
- best for complex skill with multiple components.
disadvantages
- requires more time and resources due to frequent sessions
-less practical for athletes with busy schedules.
explain how discrete/closed skills should be practiced
This skill should be practiced with massed practice longer sessions with minimal rest. repeating the skill in a stable environment helps improve consistency and technique, like a basketball player practicing free throws.
what is practice variability
practicing a variety of skills or practicing the same skill in different ways and conditions
high variability of practice
- results in more skill errors during practice
-enhances skill retention and adaptability for competition
-develops versatile movement skills transferable to various situations.
-representative of competitive sport
Low variability in practice
- beneficial in early learning stages to focus on basic mechanics
example- a beginner repeatedly practicing the same golf shot under consistent conditions.
-associated with blocked practice.
what is block practice
- Repeatedly practicing the same skill under consistent conditions- features low levels of practice variability
what is Random Practice
features high practice variability rehearsing multiple skills in a single session.
- skills are practiced in combination and in a random order.
-requires the learner to constantly adapt and re-engage their cognitive processes.
deliberate play and its benefits to the leaners
its when you engage in unstructured, enjoyable activities that promote learning and skill development.
Benefits
- enhanced creativity, improved decision making and increased motivation as learners develop skills in a fun, low-pressure environment.
describe deliberate practice and its benefits to the learner.
- engaging in highly structured activities overseen by a coach or instructor, aimed at improving specific movement skills
Benefits - enhanced performance and skill mastery.
define intrinsic feedback
information the performer receives directly from their sensory systems
-example- basketball player feels the ball leave their hands during a shot, allowing them to assess their performance during a shot, allowing them to assess their performance.
what type of feedback is knowledge of results
KR- is feedback focusing on the outcome of skill performance.
example- a golfer observing the ball fight and landing position.
what type of feedback is knowledge of performance.
KP- feedback that focusing the process of skill execution rather than the outcome.
example- golfer noticing weight transfer ossies after video analysis. A golfer feeling intrinsic cues, such as incorrect weight distribution or club face positions
Qualitative Feedback
(general)
- less technical feedback about movement performance. This is used for beginners and young learners.
Quantitative feedback
-precise, technical feedback often involving numeric values- used for high level learners.
Correct feedback
confirms successful performance. Reinforcing proper technique.
incorrect feedback
identifies errors guiding necessary adjustments.
Descriptive feedback
Details what a learner did during a skill. its suited for experienced performers who can self correct.
prescriptive feedback
- identifies errors and suggests correction. its best for beginners needing guidance.
Frequency of feedback
how often a coach provides augment feedback
summary feedback
provided after observing a series of skill attempts.
focuses on significant underlying causes of skill errors.
highlights general performance trends rather then minor mistakes.
Performer- regulated feedback
-Feedback provided upon the athletes request.
-Suited to experienced performers who can identify and request the most relevant information for skill correction.
-Often used by elite performers who understand the cause of their skill errors.
-it is useful for skilled athletes refining their technique.
define- Coach regulated feedback
-Controlled by the coach and is ideal for beginners.
-Coaches decide what feedback to give and how often, ensuring the learner gets the right guidance to develop skills correctly.
-it is essential for beginners who need structured learning and correction.
How confidence can positively affect an athletes performance
confidence helps athletes stay focused, make quick decisions and perform skills accurately under pressure. it boosts motivate and reduces fear of failure.
how confidence can negatively effect’s an athlete’s performance
To much confidence can lead to underestimating opponents, making careless mistakes, or not putting in enough effort to improve. low confidence can cause self-doubt and hesitation, reducing performance quality.
Athletes can build confidence by
-working hard at training
-practising good self-management
-regarding themselves when successful.
-recording/ logging their successes.
what is motivation
-The initiation, maintenance and intensity of behaviour.
-The reason for participation, skill development, training and improvement
Characteristics of motivated athletes
-desire for success
-willingness to take risks
-recognition of their ability as key to success
-increased effort and focus as task difficulty rises.
What does SMARTER goal stand for.
S-specific
M-measurable
A-accepted
R-realistic
T-time framed
E-exciting
R-recorded
what does specific in smarter goal setting
Make their goals as specific and detailed as possible.
what does measurable in smarter goal setting mean
set a time, measure and assess the goal against a standard or previous performance.
what does accepted in smarter goal setting mean
include all the parties involved on the setting of the goals.
what does realistic in smarter goals mean
frame the goal on something that is achievable and focused on improvement
what does time framed in smarter goal mean
short term and long term goals set with a specific date
what does exciting in smarter goal mean
goal set should challenge, excite and inspire athlete.
what does recorded smarter goal mean
goal should be recorded by athlete and coach to provide reminder to act as a source of motivation.
define intrinsic motivation
involves factors like, enjoyment, satisfaction, improvement and enhanced feeling of self worth. Primary motivators for performance.
define extrinsic motivation
external source and usually involves some form of material benefit (financial reward/ prize money), awards and trophies or glory and recognition.
what is Arousal and Performance
the degree of activation (both physiological and psychological) an individual experiences when faced with sporting or task.
it is widely accepted that an athlete needs to be at an optimal level of arousal to perform at their best.
what is Inverted-U Hypothesis.
the inverted-u hypothesis suggests that performance improves with increasing arousal up to an optimal point.
optimum arousal theory
-states that each athlete performs best at their own ideal arousal level.
-high arousal- suits energetic athletes and simple, powerful tasks
-low arousal- benefits relaxed athletes and precise, complex tasks.
3 techniques to increase arousal levels
elevated breathing - short shar[ breaths trigger the central nervous system, increasing alertness and focus
act energetic- athletes can increase physical intensity and ‘pump themselves up’ to raise arousal levels.
positive self-talk athletes can raise arousal levels by repeating positive self-statements/affirmations
3 techniques to decrease arousal levels.
-progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)- is a technique for achieving full-body relaxation. involves tensing and relaxing one muscle group at a time. Regular use improves sleep quality.
-controlled breathing- reduce tension and anxiety used before or during performance to enhance focus and preparation.
-meditation- focuses on the mind on a specific object thought ot activity to reduces stress before an event achieving relaxation and calmness.
Define Biofeedback
physiological functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
define concentration
the ability to focus on the task while ignoring distraction
