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HS 4705: Aging and Community Health > Chapter 3: Physical Wellbeing: Physiological Changes and Health > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Physical Wellbeing: Physiological Changes and Health Flashcards

1
Q

All cohorts will expand as people move through life. The “circle” will move _____

A

clockwise

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2
Q

In Canada, birth rates are _____, but longevity is _____

A

decreasing, increasing

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3
Q

What is the greatest Canadian population?

A

Baby boomers

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4
Q

When are millennials expected to outnumber baby boomers?

A

2029

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5
Q

Why are people living longer?

A
  • advanced technology and medicine
  • healthier lifestyles, health promotion, education
  • chronic disease management
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6
Q

Why are birth rates decreasing in developed societies?

A
  • kids are expensive
  • taking care of parents first
  • marriage rates decreasing
  • more contraceptives
  • women in workforce
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7
Q

Issues with mandatory retirement age?

A
  • not financially (pensions) or socially (stigma) ready
  • loss of skilled workers needed
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8
Q

T or F: the older you get, the older you are likely to continue getting

A

true

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9
Q

Which cohorts must you surpass for decreased chance of developing chronic illnesses/diseases?

A

young-old and old-old

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10
Q

What kind of growth was experienced in
1) 1700s-1900s
2) mid 1900s
3) 2000s-2100s

A

1) linear
2) exponential
3) downward trajectory

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11
Q

Experts say the Earth can only sustain _____ people worldwide

A

9-10 billion

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12
Q

Who has the oldest population worldwide? List three

A

1) Europe
2) North America
3) Japan

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13
Q

What are the three characteristics of developed countries?

A

1) low death rate
2) low birth rate
3) increased life expectancy

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14
Q

T or F: more women than men are being born due to favouritism in certain cultures

A

false

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15
Q

4 stages of typical population growth pattern

A

1) expanding
2) expanding
3) stationary
4) contracting

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16
Q

Describe stage 1: expanding

A
  • high birth rate
  • high death rate
  • short life expectancy
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17
Q

Describe stage 2: expanding

A
  • high birth rate
  • lower death rate
  • longer life expectancy
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18
Q

Describe stage 3: stationary

A
  • declining birth rate
  • low death rate
  • longer life expectancy
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19
Q

Describe stage 4: contracting

A
  • low birth rate
  • low death rate
  • higher dependency ratio
  • longer life expectancy
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20
Q

Define biological aging (senescence)

A

normal process of alterations over time in the body and its organ systems that eventually affect our functioning but do NOT necessarily result in disease or death

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21
Q

4 theories of aging

A

1) wear-and-tear theory
2) cellular aging theory
3) immunological theory
4) free radical/oxidative stress theory

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22
Q

Wear-and-tear theory

A

like a machine, the organism simply wears out over time due to environmental stressors

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23
Q

Cellular aging theory

A

aging occurs as cells slow their number of replications (biological clock)

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24
Q

Immunological theory

A

aging is a function of the body’s immune system becoming defective

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25
Q

Free radical/oxidative stress theory

A

aging is a result of the progressive, irreversible accumulation of oxidative damage to cells

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26
Q

Define prolongevity

A

extending the length of healthy life and eliminating some diseases associated with aging

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27
Q

Define healthy life span

A

expanding the number of years we spend in good health

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28
Q

Age-related changes in body composition

A
  • weight gain (up to age 75)
  • muscle mass declines
  • proportion of fat increases
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29
Q

Age-related changes in skin and hair

A
  • wrinkled and darker skin
  • cell replacement in epidermis slows
  • hair decreases in diameter and colour
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30
Q

Define kyphosis

A

hunched condition due to collapsed vertebrae

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31
Q

Define kinesthetic system

A

body system that signals one’s position in space

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32
Q

Define vital capacity

A

maximum volume of oxygen intake through the lungs with a single breath

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33
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

accumulation of fats in the arteries and veins, blocking circulation of the blood

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34
Q

Define urinary incontinence

A

diminished ability to control the leakage of urine

35
Q

T of F: urinary incontinence is reversible

A

true

36
Q

Most deaths ages 80+ is caused by _____

A

infections

37
Q

T of F: frequency or nature of sexual experience alters with age

A

false

38
Q

Why do women’s sexual function change?

A

reductions in estrogen and progesterone during menopause

39
Q

Why do men’s sexual function change?

A

reductions in testosterone (male menopause)

40
Q

Normal physiological changes in women

A
  • reduction in vaginal elasticity and lubrication
  • thinning of vaginal walls
  • slower response to sexual stimulation
  • slower capacity for orgasm
  • fewer/less intense orgasms
  • rapid return to pre-arousal state after orgasm
41
Q

Normal physiological changes in men

A
  • slower response to sexual stimulation
  • erection takes longer to achieve and disappears quickly after orgasm
  • orgasm experienced more rapidly and less intensely
  • longer length of time needed between orgasms
  • occasional lack of orgasm during sex
42
Q

When do we reach maximum sensory capacities?

A

in our 20s

43
Q

Define cataract

A

clouding of the eye lens, reducing sight and leading to blindness

44
Q

Define glaucoma

A

insufficient drainage of aqueous humor (fluid), which can lead to blindness

45
Q

Define macular degeneration

A

loss of vision in the center of visual field caused by insufficient oxygen reaching the macula

46
Q

Define presbyopia

A

sight loss

47
Q

Define presbycusis

A

hearing loss

48
Q

Why do older adults resist hearing aids?

A

cost and social stigma

49
Q

Define active aging

A

the ability of older adults to do what they want in their home and community

50
Q

Define health status

A

presence of absence of disease

51
Q

Define activities of daily living (ADLs)

A

ability to perform personal care tasks such as bathing, dressing, eating, toileting, walking

52
Q

Define instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

A

ability to perform complex activities such as household and financial management, making phone calls, grocery shopping, meal preparation, taking medications

53
Q

Define disability

A

an impairment in the ability to complete multiple daily tasks

54
Q

Disability rates were steadily dropping, but rising among older adults since 2000 due to ______

A

increased obesity rates

55
Q

Risk of chronic disease _____ with age, but incidence of acute conditions _____

A

increases, decreases

56
Q

Reasons why many older adults are living longer, but with higher rates of chronic illness

A
  • increasing life expectancy
  • high rates of unhealthy behaviours
  • treatment advances
  • increased diagnosis and treatment rates
57
Q

T or F: women experience more nonfatal chronic conditions (arthritis, incontinence, cataracts), but less likely to die from them than men

A

true

58
Q

______ have the highest prevalence of comorbidities and disability

A

older women of colour

59
Q

_____ of deaths among older adults are due to heart disease, cancer, strokes, and diabetes

A

2/3

60
Q

T or F: more men die of heart disease each year

A

false

61
Q

Define coronary heart disease

A

optimum blood flow to the heart is restricted because cardiac vessels narrow

62
Q

What is the primary cause of death in older adults?

A

coronary heart disease

63
Q

Hypertension vs hypotension

A

high blood pressure vs low blood pressure

64
Q

Define cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

occurs when a portion of the brain is completely denied blood

65
Q

What is the primary cause of disability and fourth leading cause of death in older adults?

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

66
Q

What is the second most common cause of death?

A

cancer

67
Q

What is the second most common chronic condition diagnosed in about half of older adults?

A

arthritis

68
Q

Define rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic inflammation of the membranes lining joints and tendons

69
Q

Define osteoarthritis

A

gradual degeneration of joints that are subject to physical stress

70
Q

Define osteoperosis

A

loss in calcium and bone mass resulting in brittleness of bones and increased risk of fracture

71
Q

Osteoperosis is most commonly found in ______

A

small-stature women

72
Q

Define chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)

A

result of damaged lung tissue, often due to bronchitis or asthma

73
Q

COPDs are _____ more common in men than women

A

3-4 x

74
Q

Define diabetes

A

above normal amounts of sugar in blood and urine, resulting from an inability to use carbohydrates

75
Q

Rates of obesity are expected to triple by 2050 due to increased rates of _____

A

obesity

76
Q

Define diverticulitis

A

condition in which pouches of sacs in the intestinal wall become inflamed and infected, causing gastrointestinal distress

77
Q

Define edentulous

A

absence of natural teeth

78
Q

Behavioural factors that contribute to high death rate due to motor accident

A
  • poor judgement
  • drifting
  • decreased ability to change behaviour during unexpected situation
79
Q

T or F: older adults get into less accidents because they are less likely to speed or drunk drive

A

true

80
Q

____ are the leading cause of injuries and injury-related deaths

A

falls

81
Q

T or F: older adults visit the doctors more often annually than younger adults

A

true

82
Q

Define health promotion

A

health education to enhance individuals’ ability to improve their wellbeing, not just manage their diseases

83
Q

Define hypokinesia

A

degeneration and functional loss of muscle and bone due to physical inactivity

HS 4705: Aging and Community Health (3 decks)

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