Chapter 3: Physical Wellbeing: Physiological Changes and Health Flashcards
All cohorts will expand as people move through life. The “circle” will move _____
clockwise
In Canada, birth rates are _____, but longevity is _____
decreasing, increasing
What is the greatest Canadian population?
Baby boomers
When are millennials expected to outnumber baby boomers?
2029
Why are people living longer?
- advanced technology and medicine
- healthier lifestyles, health promotion, education
- chronic disease management
Why are birth rates decreasing in developed societies?
- kids are expensive
- taking care of parents first
- marriage rates decreasing
- more contraceptives
- women in workforce
Issues with mandatory retirement age?
- not financially (pensions) or socially (stigma) ready
- loss of skilled workers needed
T or F: the older you get, the older you are likely to continue getting
true
Which cohorts must you surpass for decreased chance of developing chronic illnesses/diseases?
young-old and old-old
What kind of growth was experienced in
1) 1700s-1900s
2) mid 1900s
3) 2000s-2100s
1) linear
2) exponential
3) downward trajectory
Experts say the Earth can only sustain _____ people worldwide
9-10 billion
Who has the oldest population worldwide? List three
1) Europe
2) North America
3) Japan
What are the three characteristics of developed countries?
1) low death rate
2) low birth rate
3) increased life expectancy
T or F: more women than men are being born due to favouritism in certain cultures
false
4 stages of typical population growth pattern
1) expanding
2) expanding
3) stationary
4) contracting
Describe stage 1: expanding
- high birth rate
- high death rate
- short life expectancy
Describe stage 2: expanding
- high birth rate
- lower death rate
- longer life expectancy
Describe stage 3: stationary
- declining birth rate
- low death rate
- longer life expectancy
Describe stage 4: contracting
- low birth rate
- low death rate
- higher dependency ratio
- longer life expectancy
Define biological aging (senescence)
normal process of alterations over time in the body and its organ systems that eventually affect our functioning but do NOT necessarily result in disease or death
4 theories of aging
1) wear-and-tear theory
2) cellular aging theory
3) immunological theory
4) free radical/oxidative stress theory
Wear-and-tear theory
like a machine, the organism simply wears out over time due to environmental stressors
Cellular aging theory
aging occurs as cells slow their number of replications (biological clock)
Immunological theory
aging is a function of the body’s immune system becoming defective
Free radical/oxidative stress theory
aging is a result of the progressive, irreversible accumulation of oxidative damage to cells
Define prolongevity
extending the length of healthy life and eliminating some diseases associated with aging
Define healthy life span
expanding the number of years we spend in good health
Age-related changes in body composition
- weight gain (up to age 75)
- muscle mass declines
- proportion of fat increases
Age-related changes in skin and hair
- wrinkled and darker skin
- cell replacement in epidermis slows
- hair decreases in diameter and colour
Define kyphosis
hunched condition due to collapsed vertebrae
Define kinesthetic system
body system that signals one’s position in space
Define vital capacity
maximum volume of oxygen intake through the lungs with a single breath
Define atherosclerosis
accumulation of fats in the arteries and veins, blocking circulation of the blood
Define urinary incontinence
diminished ability to control the leakage of urine
T of F: urinary incontinence is reversible
true
Most deaths ages 80+ is caused by _____
infections
T of F: frequency or nature of sexual experience alters with age
false
Why do women’s sexual function change?
reductions in estrogen and progesterone during menopause
Why do men’s sexual function change?
reductions in testosterone (male menopause)
Normal physiological changes in women
- reduction in vaginal elasticity and lubrication
- thinning of vaginal walls
- slower response to sexual stimulation
- slower capacity for orgasm
- fewer/less intense orgasms
- rapid return to pre-arousal state after orgasm
Normal physiological changes in men
- slower response to sexual stimulation
- erection takes longer to achieve and disappears quickly after orgasm
- orgasm experienced more rapidly and less intensely
- longer length of time needed between orgasms
- occasional lack of orgasm during sex
When do we reach maximum sensory capacities?
in our 20s
Define cataract
clouding of the eye lens, reducing sight and leading to blindness
Define glaucoma
insufficient drainage of aqueous humor (fluid), which can lead to blindness
Define macular degeneration
loss of vision in the center of visual field caused by insufficient oxygen reaching the macula
Define presbyopia
sight loss
Define presbycusis
hearing loss
Why do older adults resist hearing aids?
cost and social stigma
Define active aging
the ability of older adults to do what they want in their home and community
Define health status
presence of absence of disease
Define activities of daily living (ADLs)
ability to perform personal care tasks such as bathing, dressing, eating, toileting, walking
Define instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
ability to perform complex activities such as household and financial management, making phone calls, grocery shopping, meal preparation, taking medications
Define disability
an impairment in the ability to complete multiple daily tasks
Disability rates were steadily dropping, but rising among older adults since 2000 due to ______
increased obesity rates
Risk of chronic disease _____ with age, but incidence of acute conditions _____
increases, decreases
Reasons why many older adults are living longer, but with higher rates of chronic illness
- increasing life expectancy
- high rates of unhealthy behaviours
- treatment advances
- increased diagnosis and treatment rates
T or F: women experience more nonfatal chronic conditions (arthritis, incontinence, cataracts), but less likely to die from them than men
true
______ have the highest prevalence of comorbidities and disability
older women of colour
_____ of deaths among older adults are due to heart disease, cancer, strokes, and diabetes
2/3
T or F: more men die of heart disease each year
false
Define coronary heart disease
optimum blood flow to the heart is restricted because cardiac vessels narrow
What is the primary cause of death in older adults?
coronary heart disease
Hypertension vs hypotension
high blood pressure vs low blood pressure
Define cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
occurs when a portion of the brain is completely denied blood
What is the primary cause of disability and fourth leading cause of death in older adults?
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
What is the second most common cause of death?
cancer
What is the second most common chronic condition diagnosed in about half of older adults?
arthritis
Define rheumatoid arthritis
chronic inflammation of the membranes lining joints and tendons
Define osteoarthritis
gradual degeneration of joints that are subject to physical stress
Define osteoperosis
loss in calcium and bone mass resulting in brittleness of bones and increased risk of fracture
Osteoperosis is most commonly found in ______
small-stature women
Define chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)
result of damaged lung tissue, often due to bronchitis or asthma
COPDs are _____ more common in men than women
3-4 x
Define diabetes
above normal amounts of sugar in blood and urine, resulting from an inability to use carbohydrates
Rates of obesity are expected to triple by 2050 due to increased rates of _____
obesity
Define diverticulitis
condition in which pouches of sacs in the intestinal wall become inflamed and infected, causing gastrointestinal distress
Define edentulous
absence of natural teeth
Behavioural factors that contribute to high death rate due to motor accident
- poor judgement
- drifting
- decreased ability to change behaviour during unexpected situation
T or F: older adults get into less accidents because they are less likely to speed or drunk drive
true
____ are the leading cause of injuries and injury-related deaths
falls
T or F: older adults visit the doctors more often annually than younger adults
true
Define health promotion
health education to enhance individuals’ ability to improve their wellbeing, not just manage their diseases
Define hypokinesia
degeneration and functional loss of muscle and bone due to physical inactivity
