Chapter 3- Physical & Cognitive Dev. In Infants and Toddlers

Question 1

The outer, folded mantle of the brain, responsible for thinking, reasoning, perceiving, and all conscious responses. Bigger than a monkey’s and rat’s cortex.

Answer 1

Cerebral cortex

Question 2

A long nerve fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body of a neuron.

Answer 2

Axons

Question 3

A treelike branch fiber that receives information and conducts impulses toward the cell body of a neuron.

Answer 3

Dendrites

Question 4

A gap between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another, over which impulses flow.

Answer 4

Synapses

Question 5

Forming connections between neurons at the synapses. Responsible for all perceptions, actions, and thoughts. Most intense during infancy and childhood, and continues throughout life. A lifelong process, we continue to grow, learn and develop intellectually from age 1 to age 100+.

Answer 5

Synaptogenesis

Question 6

A fatty layer covering the axons of neurons. This process, speeds the transmissions of neural impulses, continues from birth to early adulthood. A slow process.

Answer 6

Myelination

Question 7

The lubricant that permits the neural impulses to speedily flow. May determine which cells thrive.

Answer 7

Myelin sheath

Question 8

The part of the brain that interprets visual stimuli, axons are myelinated by about age 1. Intense while reading braille and localizing sounds in space.

Answer 8

Visual cortex

Question 9

Brain region that involves higher reasoning and thought, the myelin sheath is still forming into our 20’s.

Answer 9

Frontal lobes

Question 10

T or F: we need to get rid of unnecessary neurons to permit the essential cells to flower (to grow).

Answer 10

Neural pruning

Question 11

Begins around age 1 in the visual cortex. Starts during late childhood in late childhood.

Answer 11

Neural pruning

Question 12

Our cortex is malleable/changeable, able to be changed during infancy and childhood years. (Refers to neural and cognitive development).

Answer 12

Plastic

Question 13

In the left hemisphere of the brain.

Answer 13

Language

Question 14

T or F: if an infant has a stroke in the left hemisphere of the brain, the right hemisphere takes over, and language develops there in that right hemisphere.

Answer 14

T

Question 15

permanent loss In understanding speech or forming words.

Answer 15

Stroke in left hemisphere of the brain, normal location of language

Question 16

T or F: before the pruning phase, the brain is malleable/changeable.

Answer 16

T

Question 17

How many neurons in the brain?

Answer 17

More than 100 billion neurons.

Question 18

How many neural connections in synaptogenesis?

Answer 18

Makes 60 trillion neural connections

Question 19

T or F: boy’s brains are 10% larger than girl’s brains, even during childhood.

Answer 19

T

Question 20

1) Development unfolds “in its own neurological time” (you can’t teach a baby a skill when the brain is offline).
2) stimulation sculpts neurons.
3) the brain is still “under construction”.

Answer 20

Basic brain principles

Question 21

Automatic sucking movements newborns make, when something touches their lips.

Answer 21

Sucking reflex

Question 22

Newborn’s response to a touch on the cheek, if anything touches their cheek, they turn their head in that direction and suck. Without this physical cue, babies would have trouble finding the breast.

Answer 22

Rooting reflex

Question 23

A response or action that is automatic. Does not depend on the cortex, not under conscious control.

Answer 23

Reflexes

Question 24

Newborns automatically grasp anything that touches the palm of their hand.

Answer 24

Grasping

Question 25

Work demands (breast feed for 15 weeks, before returning back to work), social stigma (breastfeeding in public areas with people looking), physical pain (breastfeeding for months can be painful for mothers).

Answer 25

Breast feeding barriers

Question 26

A lack of adequate food.

Answer 26

Under nutrition

Question 27

Child having a small height caused by lack of adequate nutrition/food. Under age 5, Who rank below the fifth percentile in height.

Answer 27

Stunting

Question 28

Households needing to serve unbalanced meals, not having enough food at the end of the month, or starving due to lack of money.

Answer 28

Food insecurity

Question 29

Baby is Crying (way of communicating our feelings, needs). Occurs around 1 month after birth, a distinctive change occurs about month 4.

Answer 29

Baby’s communication signal

Question 30

Continuous crying during the first 3 months of life; caused by an immature nervous system. It is short. Month 4, baby is well. A concern, when a baby cries a lot after this age.

Answer 30

Colic

Question 31

A calming strategy that involves holding a baby close to the mother or caregiver's body. Reduces the newborn's levels of the stress hormone cortisol.

Answer 31

Skin to skin contact (to quiet a baby)

Question 32

Carrying a baby in a sling close to the caregiver's body. Most useful for soothing a baby. Reduces cortisol levels for both parents and child. Baby's result with higher IQs.

Answer 32

Kangaroo care (to quiet a baby)

Question 33

Baby is Sleeping. Two week old babies sleep for almost 14 hrs out of a 24 hr day. Noise helps babies zone out. Baby wakes up and wails every 3 to 4 hrs.

Answer 33

The main newborn state

Question 34

The phase of sleep involves rapid eye movements, when dreaming is intense and our brain frequencies look virtually identical. REM decreases as babies mature.

Answer 34

REM sleep

Question 35

Children at 6 months of age, able to put themselves back to sleep when they wake up during the night.

Answer 35

Self soothing

Question 36

In collectivist cultures, having a child and parent share a bed. Bed sharing could produce dependency. Might be a risk for sexual abuse. Can be bad sleeping next to a baby.

Answer 36

Co sleeping

Question 37

An explained death of a healthy baby, often while sleeping, during the first year of life. Top ranking cause of infant mortality in the developed world. Baby being placed faced down in a crib.

Answer 37

Sudden infant death syndrome

Question 38

The principle that we are attached to novelty and prefer to look at new things.

Answer 38

Preferential looking paradigm

Question 39

Lost of interest in a new object after some time.

Answer 39

Habituation

Question 40

Research using preferential looking and habituation to explore what babies know about people's faces. Baby prefers to look at familiar faces like their mother and father. Also attractive faces and moving faces.

Answer 40

Face perception

Question 41

Hypersensitive to facial expressions of fear, alerts us to danger, may prevent us from getting injured or killed.

Answer 41

Fear bias

Question 42

The ability to judge distances, including seeing heights.

Answer 42

Depth perception

Question 43

A table, with a checkboard pattern. Infant is at one end and mother is at the other end. Infant is refused to move.

Answer 43

Visual cliff

Question 44

Making the home a safe environment for the mobile infant.

Answer 44

Baby proof

Question 45

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, last from birth to age 2, when baby's agenda is to pin down the basics of physical reality.

Answer 45

Sensorimotor stage

Question 46

Habits, or action oriented schemas, the child repeats again and again.

Answer 46

Circular reactions(sensorimotor stage)

Question 47

Repetitive actions centered on the child's body.

Answer 47

Primary circular (sensorimotor stage) reactions

Question 48

Last for about 4 months of age, centered on exploring the external world.

Answer 48

Secondary circular reactions (sensorimotor stage)

Question 49

The little scientist, begin around age 1, being flexible and exploring the properties of objects.

Answer 49

Tertiary circular reactions

Question 50

around age 1 when babies use tertiary circular reactions to actively explore the properties of objects, experimenting with them like scientists.

Answer 50

Little scientist phase

Question 51

Child performing a different action to get to a goal.

Answer 51

Means end behavior

Question 52

Understanding that objects exist even when we no longer see them, emerges during the sensorimotor stage.

Answer 52

Object permanence

Question 53

Baby goes back the same hiding place to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in a second place.

Answer 53

A not B error

Question 54

Understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes, like a computer.

Answer 54

Information processing

Question 55

Skill to understanding a person's feelings and getting along with other human beings.

Answer 55

Social cognition

Question 56

Nouns, verbs, and rules for organizing words into sentences. To communicate meaning.

Answer 56

Grammar

Question 57

Chomsky's: A hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language.

Answer 57

Language acquisition device

Question 58

Language development that emphasizes its social function, babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate.

Answer 58

Social interactionist perspective

Question 59

Alternating vowel and consonant sounds that babies repeat with variations of intonation and pitch and precede the first words. Such as "da da da."

Answer 59

Babbling (5-11 months of age)

Question 60

When babies use a single word to communicate a sentence or complete thought. Such as "ja".

Answer 60

Holophrase (12 months of age)

Question 61

First stage of combining words to a sentence to its essential words. Such as "me juice; mommy no".

Answer 61

Telegraphic speech (18 months-2 yrs of age)

Question 62

Simple words, exaggerated, high pitched tones that adults and children use to speak to infants to help teach language. Such as "mommy loveees babyyy!"

Answer 62

Infant directed speech

Question 63

Stroke a baby's foot and their toes turn outward.

Answer 63

Balinski Reflex

Question 64

Baby's feet on the surface and takes small steps.

Answer 64

Stepping reflex

Question 65

baby is placed underwater, hold their breath and make swimming motions.

Answer 65

Swimming reflex

Question 66

Month _ or _, babies no longer suck continuously.

Answer 66

4 or 5

Question 67

Sigmund, "everything in the mouth".

Answer 67

Infancy's oral stage

Question 68

T OR F: Sticking to foods they know reduces the risk of eating poison.

Answer 68

T

Question 69

T OR F: Breastfeeding is a life saver in poor nations today.

Answer 69

T

Question 70

t or f: breastfeeding benefits toddlers more resistant to the flu, to myelin information, and to predicting better preschool memory skills.

Answer 70

T

Question 71

T OR F: Women who nursed longer had kindergarteners with few behaviors, such as aggression and tantrums.

Answer 71

T

Question 72

How many moths should you breast feed?

Answer 72

For the first 6 months

Question 73

Around 6 months of age, babies needing solid food.

Answer 73

Malnutrition

Question 74

Food stamp program, Women, infants, and children supplemental nutrition program, and child and adult care food program.

Answer 74

US Federal Nutritional Programs for serving young children

Question 75

T or F: when babies cry too little, its a sign of a neurological problem.

Answer 75

T

Question 76

Calming strategy, enhances well being through life. Promotes motor skills in babies with disabilities.

Answer 76

Infant massage (to quiet a baby)

Question 77

6 months of age, baby sleeps for _ hours a night

Answer 77

6 hrs

Question 78

Age 1, _ hrs of sleep a night, with a morning and afternoon nap.

Answer 78

12 hrs

Question 79

t or f: babies never sleep continuously through the night.

Answer 79

T

Question 80

T or F: children with chronic sleep problems produce irritable, stressed out parents.

Answer 80

t

Question 81

t or f: The key to put a baby to sleep is to put the child to bed with love.

Answer 81

T

Question 82

A baby sleeping basket, placing this on parent's bed.

Answer 82

Co sleeping (an old style sleeping method)

Question 83

"oooh" sounds at age 4.

Answer 83

Cooing