Chapter 2- Prenatal Dev, Pregnancy, & Birth Flashcards
1
Q
The reproductive system
A
Fertilization
2
Q
The center stage: The pear shaped muscular organ in a women’s abdomen that carries the baby to term. Lined with a velvety tissue, the endometrium, which thickens in preparation for pregnancy.
A
Uterus
3
Q
The lower section of the uterus, thick, narrowed neck. The opening to give birth.
A
Cervix
4
Q
A pair of slim pipelike structures that connects the ovaries with the uterus.
A
Fallopian Tubes
5
Q
A pair of almond shaped organs that contains the mother’s eggs or ova.
A
Ovaries
6
Q
An “egg” cell containing the genetic material contributed by the mother to the baby
A
Ova
7
Q
The sperm and the egg.
A
Fertilization
8
Q
During a woman’s monthly cycle when an ovum is released from the ovary.
A
Ovulation
9
Q
Male organs that manufacture sperm.
A
Testes
10
Q
A ladderlike strand of DNA located in the nucleus of every cell that carries the genes, which transmit hereditary information.
A
Chromosomes
11
Q
The material that makes up genes. which bear our hereditary characteristics.
A
DNA
12
Q
A segment of DNA that contains a chemical blueprint for manufacturing a particular protein. Creating the proteins responsible for carrying out the physical processes of life.
A
Genes
13
Q
During heterosexual intercourse, these cells are released into the vagina, where a small portion enter the uterus and wend their way up to the fallopian tubes.
A
Sperm (male cell)
14
Q
When is the best time to promote pregnancy?
A
Its best to have intercourse around the time of ovulation.
15
Q
How long can the ovum be receptive for while in the tubes outer part?
A
24 hrs
16
Q
How long can the sperm live in the uterus?
A
Sperm can live almost a week in the uterus
17
Q
How many sperm are released at ejaculation to burrow in the ovum?
A
Only 200 to 300
18
Q
How many chromosomes does every cell have?
A
46 chromosomes
19
Q
How many cells does the sperm and ova each have?
A
About 23
20
Q
Nuclei of the two cells
A
Gametes
21
Q
A slow moving X chromosome gives us a,
A
girl (XX)
22
Q
Lighter and faster Y chromosome we get a,
A
boy (XY)
23
Q
What gender dies more in the uterus? girl or boy? By how much percent?
A
Boys
24
Q
Two weeks after fertilization/prenatal development, when the cell mass has not fully attached to the uterine wall.
A
Germinal Stage
25
36 hrs, a fertilized ovum, a single cell, makes its first cell division.
Zygote
26
The hollow sphere of cells formed during the germinal stage in preparation for implantation.
Blastocyst
27
The process in which blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall.
Implantation
28
The structure projecting from the wall of the uterus during pregnancy, passes nutrients from the mother to the developing baby.
Placenta
29
Second stage of prenatal development
Embryonic stage
30
Stage that last for about week 3 to week 8, total 6 weeks. The most past paced.
Embryonic stage
31
A cylindrical structure that forms along the back of the embryo and develops into the brain and spinal cord.
Neural Tube
32
A nerve cell, causes us to think, respond, and process information. Originated in neural tube cells formed during the first months in the womb.
Neurons
33
week 3: outer space alien, resembles a human being. Baby's body is developing. Bigger parts starts to form and then the smaller parts.
Embryonic stage
34
Growth occurs from the most interior parts of the body and then outward. Arms to fingers, legs to toes.
Proximodistal sequence
35
Cehalo = head, caudal = tail. Top to bottom or head to toe.
cephalocaudal sequence
36
large structures before smaller detailed refinements. Head forms before eyes and ears. Legs are formed before feet and toes.
mass to specific sequence
37
Final stage of prenatal development, last about 7 months, characterized by physical refinements, massive growth, and the development of the brain.
Fetus stage
38
How many neurons composing in our brain?
more than 100 billion neurons
39
Responsible for every human thought and action
Interconnecting process
40
During the fetal period, how many months does the baby's brain develop?
4-9 months
41
The fetus can hear
Month 6
42
Fetus is able to see
month 7
43
The earliest date at which a baby can be born and possibly live outside the womb. Dropped to 22 to 23 weeks.
age of viability
44
T or F: being born too early and too small can have a lifelong impact on health.
True
45
T OR F: Fetus must stay in the uterus as long as possible till its the right time.
True
46
The structure that attaches the placenta to the fetus, through which nutrients are passed and fetal wastes are removed. Will be the baby's bellybutton.
Umbilical cord
47
A bag shaped, fluid filled membrane that contains and provides insulation from infection and harm.
Amniotic sac
48
The period of pregnancy. 266 to 277 days.
Gestation
49
3 segments that each last 3 months into which pregnancy is divided.
Trimesters
50
They date pregnancy from the woman's last menstrual period.
Pregnancy
51
Fainting, headaches, tired, frequent urination. Breasts feel tender and painful.
First Trimester: signs of pregnancy
52
Chemical substances released in the bloodstream that target and change organs and tissues.
Hormones
53
A hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy surges.
Progesterone
54
Placenta produces its unique hormone, thought to prevent the woman's body from rejecting the "foreign" embryo.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
55
Morning sickness (nausea, vomiting), happens at least 2 out of 3 every women during the.. Men may get morning sickness too.
First trimester: signs of pregnancy
56
Same symptoms with their pregnant partner. Has its own name called...
Couvade
57
T OR F, First trimester: Munching on bread helps and strong odor make women gag.
TRUE
58
Loss of a baby. The naturally occurring loss of a pregnancy and death of the fetus.
Miscarriage
59
-- in -- pregnancies end in a first trimester fetal loss.
1 in 10; miscarriage
60
for women in their late 30's, the chance of early miscarriage escalates to __ in __.
1 in 5;miscarriage
61
Feeling much better and connecting emotionally
Second trimester
62
By week 14, uterus grows, a need to shop for maternity clothes.
Second Trimester In pregnancy
63
A pregnant woman's first feeling of the fetus moving inside her body.
quickening; second trimester
64
Around week 18, an event called the ____ feeling the fetus inside the woman's body.
quickening; second trimester
65
Backaches, leg cramps; numbness, and tingling as the uterus presses against the nerves of the lower limbs; heartburn, insomnia, and anxious anticipation as focus shifts to birth; irregular uterine contractions, delivery of the baby draws near.
Third Trimester: Signs of pregnancy
66
Getting bigger and waiting for birth
Third Trimester
67
Parents are torn between the demands of family and career.
Family work conflict
68
A stress hormone measured in saliva by researchers as a biological marker of stress. A pregnant woman is stressed out.
Cortisol
69
Concern on work/family and relationship issues
Distress during pregnancy
70
Smoking, alcohol, drugs.
Threats to the developing baby
71
A physical or neurological problem that occurs prenatally or at birth.
Birth defects
72
Any substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus.
Teratogen
73
Causes that might harm the baby: An infectious disease, a medication, a drug, an environmental hazard like radiation or pollution.
Teratogen
74
the time when a body structure is most vulnerable/easy to damage by a teratogen, when an organ or system is coming online.
Sensitive period
75
Damage on baby's heart or ears. Can happen during the first trimester when a mother contracts the disease.
Rubella (an infectious disease)
76
Most likely to cause major structural damage during the embryonic stage.
Teratogens
77
Can affect the developing brain throughout pregnancy. Delays in reaching basic milestones, such as walking, talking, to learning problems and hyperactivity.
Teratogens
78
Have a threshold level above which damage occurs. Women drinking more than 4 cups of coffee is a high risk of miscarriage.
Teratogens
79
Exert their damage unpredictably, depending on fetal and maternal vulnerabilities.
Teratogens
80
Learning impairments and behavioral problems during infancy and childhood.
Developmental Disorders
81
Medicine that could raise the risk of premature birth.
Antidepressants
82
Result of a small and less healthy baby.
Smoking; teratogen
83
Nicotine mother's, baby's risk of having neurological problems and ADHD.
Smoking; teratogen
84
Caused by the mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Baby has a small birth weight and brain; facial abnormalities; disorders from intellectual disability to seizures and hyperactivity.
Fetal alcohol syndrome FAS
85
A less severe syndrome. Deficits in learning and impaired mental health. When it crosses the placenta, it causes genetic changes that impair neural growth.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
86
A research discipline exploring the impact of traumatic pregnancy events and stress on producing low birth weight, obesity, and long term physical problems.
fetal programming research
87
Childhood experiences shape personality
Freud
88
A baby with a missing or extra chromosome. Outcome is often learning impairments and sometimes infertility.
Baby's survivability
89
A person has an extra chromosome, causing intellectual disability, risk to heart disease, leukemia, can develop Alzheimer's disease, other health problems, different physical characteristics. Has a flat facial structure, upward slant eyes, and an enlarged tongue.
Down syndrome
90
_ in _ babies with down syndrome survive to age 60.
Down syndrome
91
Some can learn to read and write, live independently, work, marry and have children.
Down syndrome
92
Over age 40, chance of giving birth to an infant with down syndrome is _ in _. Over age 45, it is _ in _.
1 in 100; 1 in 30
93
An illness caused by a single gene. Passed down to 3 modes of inheritance: may be dominant, recessive, or sex linked.
single gene disorders
94
An illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder.
Dominant disorders
95
An illness that a child gets by inheritinf two copies of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder. Will have the illness are 1 in 4.
Recessive disorders
96
An illness, carried on the mother's X chromosome, leaves the female offspring unaffected, has a 50/50 chance of striking each male child.
sex linked single gene disorder
97
A blood test to know whether a person carries the gene for a given genetic disorder.
Genetic testing
98
A professional who counsels parents-to-be about their children's risk of developing genetic disorders and about available treatments. Gene therapy.
Genetic counselor
99
Offers a vivid prenatal window on the developing brain.
Brain scans (MRIs)
100
In pregnancy, an image of the fetus in the womb that helps to date the pregnancy, to see the fetus's growth and identify abnormalities.
Ultrasound
101
A risky first trimester pregnancy test for fetal genetic disorders. Phyician inserts catheter into women's abdomen or vagina and withdraws a piece of the developing placenta for analysis. Risk of miscarriage and limb impairments.
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
102
A safer test, involves inserting a syringe into a women's uterus to extract a sample of amniotic fluid, which is tested for genetic and chromosomal conditions, and the fetus's sex. A small chance of infection and miscarriage. Planned for gestational age (typically week 14).
Amniocentesis
103
The inability to conceive/get pregnant after a year of unprotected sex. Inability to carry a child to term. Affecting 1 in 5 couples. Affects both men and women.
Infertility
104
T OR F: getting pregnant is more difficult at older ages.
T
105
The first six months of trying, _ out _ women in their twenties conceive (get pregnant).
3 out of 4
106
At age 40, only _ out of _ achieves that goal.
1 out of 5
107
Any infertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb
Assisted reproductive technology
108
An infertility treatment in which conception occurs outside the womb. A sperm may be injected directly into the ovum if it cannot penetrate the surface. The woman may use a donor egg, from another woman to get pregnant. Or, she may go to a sperm bank utilize a donor sperm. If both partners are female, one may donate her eggs (the genetic parent) while the other carries the baby (gestational mother). If its a male couple, they search for surrogate to carry their biological child.
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
109
Dilation, Crowning, & Birth
Stages of birth
110
Effaces, thin out, and dilate, or widen from a tiny gap in the cervix. The uterus is strong to push out the baby. The contractions put about 30 pounds of pressure on the cervix to expand to its cuplike shape. Starts out slowly 20 to 30 mins apart. More frequent and painful as the cervix more rapidly opens up.
First stage of labor; dilation and effacement
111
Tightening of the muscles in the uterus. Helps push the baby out during labor. Painful but techniques or meds can help reduce it. Sweating, nausea, and intense pain in the final phase.
Contractions
112
Fetus descends through the uterus and enters the vagina, or birth canal.
Birth
113
Baby's head appeared. Baby is out of the vagina.
Second stage of labor; Crowning
114
The placenta and other supporting structures must be pushed out. Expelling these materials to avoid infection and to help the uterus return to its pre-pregnant state.
Stage 3: The expulsion of the Placenta
115
Baby's feet, buttocks, or knees first comes out first instead of the head. A threat to birth.
Breech Birth
116
In what century, were doctors clueless on how to help pregnant women?
18th-19th century
117
Science of obstetrics gained the upper hand, fetal mortality plummeted, and birth became safe.
In late 1930s
118
Giving labor and birth without medical interventions. Women deliver in homelike birth centers. Certified midwives than doctors.
Natural Childbirth; labor method
119
A nonmedical pregnancy and labor coach. Provides emotional and physical support during labor. Helps with breathing, relaxation. Not performing actual healthcare tasks, such as vaginal exams.
Doula
120
The cutting of the perineum or vagina to widen the opening and allow the fetus to emerge. May increase the risk of infection after delivery and hinder healing.
Episiotomy; medical intervention
121
Most popular type of anesthesia during labor, involves injecting a painkilling medication into a small space outside the spinal cord to numb the woman's body below the waist. During c-sections too. Woman is awake after giving birth. Can slow the progress of labor in vaginal deliveries, can result in headaches, error with needle being inserted.
Epidural; medical intervention
122
Device is used to monitor the fetus's heart rate and alert the doctor to distress. With an external, woman wears two belts around her abdomen. With internal monitor, an electrode is inserted through the cervix to record the baby's heart rate through the fetal scalp.
Electronic fetal monitor; medical intervention
123
Delivering a baby surgically by extracting the fetus through incisions in the abdominal wall and uterus. Final solution for labor and delivery problems. Popular in the 1970s. Are emergency procedures once labor has begun. A dangerous delivery method.
Cesarean section (c-section)
124
A quick test to assess a just delivered baby's condition by measuring heart rate, muscle tone, respiration, reflex response, and color. rated on the scale of 0 to 2 at one min and again at five min after birth. Newborns with five min scores over 7 are excellent in shape. Score below 7, child must be monitored or resuscitated and kept in the hospital for a while.
Apgar scale
125
Baby weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds. Either arrived before their due date or did not grow sufficiently in the womb. Entered the world before week 37. Limits intellectual and social skills throughout childhood and the adolescent years.
Low birth weight
126
Baby weighing less than 3 1/4 pounds. Very premature, rushed to a major hospital medical center to enter a hospital unit for frail newborns- called the neonatal intensive care unit. High risk for physical and emotional problems as they travel through life.
Very low birth weight
127
A hospital unit that treats at risk newborns, both low birth weight and very low birth weight babies.
Neonatal intensive care unit
128
Death during the first year of life.
Infant Mortality
129
T or F: Poverty puts women at higher risk of delivering prematurely or having their baby die before age 1.
T
130
T or F: African American women are more prone to give birth to low birth weight babies than their counterparts.
T
