Chapter 1- People & the Field Flashcards
1
Q
Researchers who study the lifespan
A
Developmentalists
2
Q
study of human growth development through life
A
Lifespan Development
3
Q
Study of childhood (birth) and the teenage years (adolescence).
A
Childhood Development
4
Q
Study of the aging process and older adults
A
Gerontology
5
Q
Study of adult life
A
Adult Development
6
Q
Predictable life changes that happens during development. Ex: becoming a parent or beginning college.
A
Normative Transitions
7
Q
Unpredictable (atypical) life changes that happens during development. Ex: death or a sickness.
A
Nonnormative Transitions
8
Q
Cohort, social class, culture, & gender.
A
Contexts of Development
9
Q
The age group whom we travel with through life.
A
Cohort
10
Q
People born from 1946 to 1964
A
Baby Boom Cohort
11
Q
A
12
Q
As late as 1900, — U.S. children did not survive the first year of life.
A
1 in 5
13
Q
Children worked at a young age
A
19th century
14
Q
Believed that human beings are born a “tabula rasa”.
A
John Locke
15
Q
“Tabula Rasa”, the way we treat children shapes their adult lives.
A
John Locke
16
Q
Argued that babies enter life innocently. “ We should shower these dependent creatures with love.”
A
Rousseau
17
Q
Sets the limits of childhood, needing abstract skills to function competently as adults (such as math or writing).
A
Education
18
Q
Age 18 to late 20’s, the age to exploring the world.
A
Emerging Adulthood
19
Q
Person’s 50/50 chance at birth of living to a given age.
A
Average Life Expectancy
20
Q
Dramatic Increase in average life expectancy that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century in affluent (wealthy) nations.
A
20th century life expectancy revolution
21
Q
Bacteria, microbes, virus. Contagious, quick, and abate or death.
A
Infectious Diseases
22
Q
Long term health condition (heart disease, cancer, stroke.)
A
Chronic Diseases
23
Q
Limit of human life/age. About to age 105.
A
Maximum Lifespan
24
Q
After we finished our education and found secure, decent careers.
A
Marriage
25
Age 60-70, are often healthy and active.
Young Old
26
Age 80 and older, have physical and mental disabilities, dependent adult.
Old-old
27
Became an acceptable alternative to staying in a unhappy marriage.
Divorce
28
How many marriages are ending in divorce?
1 out of 2
29
Breadwinner husband and housemaker wife
1950's role of married couple
30
In 2018, how many babies were born to single moms?
2 in 5
31
Internet sites and apps, goal to have followers and friends. Broadcasting their feelings/
Social Media
32
Culture of Connectivity
21st century
33
The gap between the rich and the poor within the nation. The number one economic problem in the US.
Income Inequality
34
Rising in social class and economic status from one's childhood. Rising in socioeconomic status compared to their parents.
Upward Mobility
35
Referring to our education and income.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
36
Nations that are wealthy or have high median incomes. Good education and medical care.
Developed World
37
Poorer/impoverished nations of the world
Developing World
38
Prizes social harmony, living with the family. Obedience and respect to their family, and subordinate their personal needs to the group.
Collectivist Cultures
39
Has Independence, competition, and personal success. Leaving their parents.
Individualistic cultures
40
Who live longer men or women?
Women outlive men by at least 2 yrs
41
Explain what causes us to act as we do. Predicting behavior and how to intervene to improve behavior. Also predicts future.
Theory
42
Genetic or biological causes of development
Nature
43
Enviornmental causes of development
Nurture
44
Traditional Behaviorism: (a psychologist) "nurture is all important".
John Watson (psychologist)
45
These theorists believed that we could not study feelings and thoughts because inner experiences could not be observed.
Watson and B.F Skinner
46
Type of behaviorism: Focused on charting, observing response, modifying only "objective" visible behaviors. Laws of learning behavior in every situation in life.
Traditional Behaviorists
47
According to Skinner (a traditional behaviorist), The law of learning that determines any voluntary response. Positive and negative reinforcements.
Operant Conditioning
48
Behavioral term for reward. Doing something and either getting a positive or negative outcome.
Reinforcement
49
People learn by watching others and that our thoughts about the reinforcers determine our behavior. -Albert Bandura.
Cognitive Behaviorism (learning theory)
50
Person learns by watching and imitating others
Modeling/Cognitive
51
"We model people who are nurturing, who relate to us in a caring way." -
Bandura
52
Age 2 1/2, seperate into gender segregated play groups and prefer to play with their own group.
Example of Modeling
53
Cognitive behaviorism: belief in our competence, predicts whether we initiate activities or head to face failures, and predicts the goals we set. Sense that we can be successful at any task.
Self-Efficacy
54
Psycholanalytic Theorist: Alerted us to the power of childhood experiences and unconscious motivations in shaping human life.
Sigmund Freud
55
Mission to decode why his patients were in emotional pain.
Sigmund Freud
56
What's Freud's theory?
Psychoanalytic Theory
57
Analyzes the psyche or our inner life
Psychoanalytic Theory
58
Argued the three hypothetical structures that define personality.
Freud
59
3 Personalities
id, ego, and superego
60
present at birth, mass of instincts, needs, and feelings.
id
61
Conscious, rational part of our personality. Involves thinking, reasoning, & planning.
ego
62
Moral arm of our personality.
superego
63
Theorist: Human being are irrational, adult mental health depends on our parent's care during early life, and self understanding is key to living a fulfilling life.
Freud
64
Argued that sexual feeling (libido) drive human life, babies are sexual human beings.
Freud
65
Sexual feelings are centered on areas of the body called..
erogenous zones
66
oral/mouth stage
The first year of life
67
sexual feelings center on elimination (anal stage).
Age 2
68
sexual feelings to the genitals (phallic stage).
Around age 3 and 4
69
child develops sexual fantasies relating to the parent of the sex (the oedipus complex) and same sex becomes a rival.
Around age 3 and 4
70
asexual stage that lasts until puberty
Latency
71
Believe that self understanding, the ability to reflect on and regulate our emotions is the definition of maturity.
Contemporary Developmentalists
72
a theory formulated by John Bowbly, the importance of being closely connected with a caregiver during early childhood and being closely attached to a significant other during all of life.
Attachment Theory
73
A theorist that believed that caregivers shape our ability to love, but focused on attachment response.
Bowbly
74
Anchored his theory in nature (genetics)
Bowbly
75
Argued that attachment response is genetically programmed into our species to promote survival.
Bowbly
76
Evolutionary Psychologist
Bowbly
77
They look to nature, inborn biological forces that evolved to promote survival, to explain how we behave. They are the mirror image of behaviorists.
Evolutionary Psychologists
78
The role that hereditary forces play in determining person's differences in behavior.
Behavioral Genetics
79
A research comparing identical twins (monozygotic) and fraternal twins (dizygotic).
Twin studies
80
Same fertillized egg and share 100% of their genes.
Identical Twins
81
Two fertillized eggs and share 50% of their genes.
Fraternal Twins
82
1 = totally genetic, 0 = not genetic. A given behavior is shaped by genetic forces.
Heritability
83
A research comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents.
Adoption Studies
84
A research comparing the similarities of identical twin pairs adopted into different families. Separated in childhood and reunited in adult life.
Twin/Adoption Studies
85
Our inborn talents and temperamental (irritated) genetic tendencies evoke , or produce, certain responses from other people.
Evocative Forces
86
Principle that people affect one another, or that interpersonal influences flow in both directions.
Bidirectional
87
Principle that our temperamental genetic tendencies cause us to choose to put ourselves into environments.
Active Forces
88
The environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents.
Person-environment fit
89
Research on exploring how early life events alter the outer core of our DNA, producing lifelong changes in health and behavior.
Epigenetics
90
Believed in psychoanalytic theory, argued that our basic motivations center on becoming an independent self and relating to others and believed that emotional growth occurs throughout life.
Erik Erikson
91
Psychosocial Theory/Theorist
Erik Erikson
92
Challenges that we face as we travel through the eight stages of the lifespan. - Erikson
Psychosocial Tasks
93
Argued that each tasks build on another, we cannot master the challenge of a later stage unless we have accomplished the developmental milestones of the previous ones.
Erik Erikson
94
Trust vs Mistrust
Infancy (birth to 1 yr)
95
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Toddlerhood (1-2 yrs)
96
Initiative vs guilt
Early Childhood (3-6 yrs)
97
Industry vs inferiority
Middle childhood (7-12 yrs)
98
Identity vs role confusion
Adolescence to Adulthood (teens into twenties)
99
Intimacy vs isolation
Early adulthood (20's-early 40's)
100
Generativity vs stagnation
Middle adulthood (40's-60's)
101
Integrity vs despair
Late Adulthood (late 60's-beyond)
102
Believed that basic trust is a our fundamental task in the first year of life.
Erikson
103
Learning to work at friendships, sports, academics.
Industry (7-12 yrs)
104
21st century theorist, transformed the way we think about children's thinking.
Jean Piaget
105
Piaget’s principle, from infancy to adolescence, children progress through four qualitatively different stages of cognitive growth.
Cognitive Developmental Theory
106
Rather than knowing less or more, infants, children, and teens think about the world differently.
Qualitative
107
Believed that all human beings have a basic hunger to learn and mentally grow.
Piaget
108
First step promoting mental growth, involving fitting environmental input to our existing mental capacities. Piaget calls it schema.
Assimilation
109
Enlarging our mental capacities to fit input from the wider world. We change our thinking to fit the world.
Accommodation
110
Baby manipulates objects to pin down the basics of physical reality.
Sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs)
111
Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, & formal operations.
Piaget’s Stages of development
112
Children’s perceptions are captured by their immediate appearances. “What they see is what is real.” They believe that inanimate objects are really alive.
Preoperations (age 2-7)
113
Children have a realistic understanding of the world. Thinking is the same as adults. Can reason conceptually about concrete objects. But cannot think abstractly in a scientific way.
Concrete operations (age 7-12)
114
Reasoning is at its pinnacle: hypothetical, scientific, flexible, fully adult. The person’s full cognitive human potential has been reached.
Formal operations (age 12+)
115
Earliest lifespan theorists to highlight the principle that real world behavior has many different causes. Viewed each chid as being at the center of an expanding circle of environmental influences.
Urie Brofenbrenner
116
All encompassing outlook on development that stresses the need to embrace a variety of approaches, and emphasizes the reality that many influences affect development.
Developmental Systems Approach
117
Who outlives in poverty?
Hispanic Americans outlives Whites
118
A research strategy that involves relating two or more variables. Researchers chart the relationships between the dimensions they are interested in exploring as they naturally occur.
Correlational Study
119
A group that reflect the characteristics of the overall population.
Representative Sample
120
A measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviors.
Naturalistic Observation
121
A measurement that ask people to report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires.
Self Report Strategy
122
A research strategy that can determine that something causes something else, involves randomly assigning people to different treatments and then looking at the outcome.
True Experiment
123
A developmental research study that involves testing different age groups at the same time.
Cross sectional studies
124
A developmental research strategy that involves testing an age group repeatedly over many years.
Longitudinal Studies
125
A research technique, to evaluate whether a particular finding is generally true.
Meta analysis
126
Data collection strategy t esting groups of people and using numerical scales and statistics.
Quantitate Research
127
Data collection strategy that involves personal interviews.
Qualitative research
