Chapter 3 Phonology Flashcards
Phonetics
Domain dealing with PHYSICAL description of sounds
Phonology
Domain dealing with PSYCHOLOGICAL description of sounds
Patterns
different sounds that are treated the SAME in the mind of the native speaker but are PREDICTABLE in occurrence
Complementary Distribution
When sounds are NOT CONTRASTIVE and occur in PREDICTABLE ENVIROMENTS
Core Syllable
most common type of syllable found in every language
Non-Core Syllables
-rare type of syllable that is complex and NOT predictable
-any violation from the binary requirement
-any violation of sonority violation
Stream and ranks
Binarity Requirement
- no more than two branches from each node on the tree
Sonority Retirement
sonority contour is RISING through ONSET and FALLING throughout CODA
what are the two requirements that make Core Syllables Simple and predictable
-Binarity AND Sonority Requirements if either of these requirements are violated they are NON CORE
Sonority Values
0= Obstruents
1= nasals
2= liquids
3=glides
4= vowels
Binarity Violation
cluster of THREE (or more) consonants together
sonority Violation
flat sonority of two or more in onset or coda of the sound/word 00400 (spits) or 0422 (girl)
Minimal PAIR
a PAIR OF WORDS that are identical apart from ONE PHONE
Near minimal pair
a PAIR OF WORDS in which suspicious phones are found in exactly the same environment although there are OTHER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO WORDS
CROWD VS BROWN
Non-Contrastive Phones
phones that DO NOT CREATE A CONTRAST between words and are therefore considered to be allophones of one phoneme
Complementary Distribution
the DISTRIBUTION OF ALLOPHONES that is PREDICTABLE based on the POSITION OF THE ALLOPHONE WITHIN THE WORD
Suspicious Phones
PHONES that are VERY SIMILAR in acoustic terms such that there may be some languages which treat them as the same sounds in the mind of the native speaker (the starting point of solving a phonology problem)
Phones
physical event/ individual speech sounds
Free Variation
the DISTRIBUTION OF ALLOPHONES that is determined by the speaker and not by the position of the allophone in the word
Allophones
PHONES that are associated with the same PHONEME (are thought of as the same sound)
Example: /p/ –> (all the descriptions are the allophones)
Phonemes
PSYCHOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS of speech sounds (as they are stored in the mind of a native speaker)
accidental gap
permissible sequences which do not occur- an ‘accident’ in the evolution of the language
systematic gap
impermissible sequences- violates the ‘system’
binarity
having a maximum of two parts in the syllable tree
syllable
a peak of sonority plus accompanying consonants
rhyme
the nucleus plus the coda within a syllable
onset
any consonants that are found in FRONT of the vowel and are part of the SAME syllable
coda
any consonants that are found after the vowel and are part of the same syllable
sonority
how full or loud a sound is/ how well a sound resonates
nucleus
the heart of a syllable, usually composed of a vowel
Contrastive Phones
phones that CREATE A CONTRAST between words and therefore must belong to a different phonemes
sounds that differ in the mind of the native speaker (dough and though)
Final Syllable
Stressed is placed in the final syllable unless its a schwa (Hebrew and French)
Penultimate
Stress is placed in the 2nd last syllable (somoan)
Antepenultimate
stress is placed on 3rd to last syllable (english and macedonian)
Initial Syllable
stressed is always placed in front (finnish)
even stress
no stress on any syllables (japan)
Simple vowels
monophthong
-constanstant throughout product
Major Dipthongs
oj, aj, aw
