Chapter 2 Flashcards
Describe phonetics?
- is the study of the INVENTORY of SPEECH SOUNDS
What are egressives?
Egressives is the SOUND created by AIR FLOWING OUT of mouth and nose
What is Ingressive? ( (‘clicks’ found most notably in the KHOSIAN languages in Southern Africa.)
Ingressive is the sound created by AIR FLOWING INTO MOUTH, the tongue creates a vacuum in the mouth when released, air moves inward. can have outward airflow at the same time, ingressives typically produce SIMULTANEOUS NASAL EGRESSIVES
what are the 4 sounds of ingressives?
Bilabial click (puckered kiss), dental click (tsk, tsk), lateral click (calling horse), postalveolar click (knock knock)
What is IPA
International Phonetic Alphabet is a standardized (not directly linked to any language 1-to-1 CORRESPONDENCE OF SYMBOL TO SOUND, using most roman (aka latin) letters with additions
What are the most basic division sounds?
Consonants and Vowels
What is a consonant?
sounds produce with narrowing or closing the vocal tract (closed-in/CONstricted sounds)
What is a vowel?
sounds produced with very little narrowing of vocal tract (wide-open sounds)
describe 3 characteristics of Consonants
1) each consonant has a unique articulatory description 2) a description based on three properties 3) can be plotted on consonant chart
What is the 3 main criteria (properties) used to distinguish consonants from each
1) State of glottis (voiced or voiceless 2) place of articulation (WHERE is the vocal tract constricted) 3) manner of articulation (HOW is the sound created
What anatomy/physiology is involved in determining the two main glottal states (also knows as states of glottis)
1) Open glottis->no vibration-> VOICELESS 2) closed glottis -> vibration -> VOICED
[-VOICE] AND [+VOICED]
What are the 7 places of articulation?
bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, alveopalatal, velar, glottal
What is bilabial?
Sounds that involve both lips
What is labiodental?
sounds involving the lower lip and upper teeth
What is interdental?
Sounds when the tongue is placed between the teeth
What is alveolar?
Sounds produced when the tongue is touching or brought near the ridge behind the upper front teeth
What is Alveopalatal?
The area of the mouth just behind the alveolar ridge that rises sharply
What is velar?
the soft area toward the rear of the roof of the mouth called the Velum, sounds made with the tongue touching or near this position are called velars
What is the Glottal?
Sounds that are made produced using the vocal folds as primary articulators
What is an obstruent?
Obstruents (top part of the chart) contain STOPS, FRICATIVES and AFFRICATES. There is very significant OBSTRUction of vocal tract. They typically occur in voiceless and voiced pairs (apart from glottals)
What is Sonorant Consonants?
Sonorant Consonants (bottom of the chart) contain NASAL, LIQUIDS AND GLIDES. There is little obstruction, free flowing, SINGABLE consonants. They are voiced by default (if voiceless, need extra marking)
What is the difference between Sonorant Consonants and Obstruents?
Obstruents have very significant OBSTRUCTION of the vocal tract where sorbent consonants have little obstruction, free flowing with SINGABLE consonants
What are the 3 different manners of articulation?
Stop, fricative, affricate
What is a stop?
complete closure of vocal tract, STOPPING flow of air
what is a fricative?
narrowing the vocal tract to a significant degree, which creates FRICTION of air passing through
what is affricate?
COMPLETE CLOSURE followed by slower release, creating FRICTION on RELEASE (so kind of like a stop released into a fricative)
How is a nasal sound created?
created by VELUM in lower/relaxed position (as opposed to oral sounds which have velum contracted/ raised to block access to naval cavity)
How is a liquid sound created?
the free flow of air around the tongue, like a fluid/liquid
How is a glide sound created?
the tongue is always in motion, whether into a vowel (yes, will), out of a vowel (mine, low, paid)
What is the typical glottal state for vowels?
vocal tract that is very open
What are the 3 tongue height distinctions?
High, mid, low
What are the three tongue fronting, backing distinctions?
Front, central, back
What is the 4 main criteria used to distinguish vowels from each other?
Tongue height, tongue fronting, lip rounding, tongue tension
what do the circles on the charts mean and which vowels have circles around them? (And what do we call the vowels with no circles around them?)
the circles mean it is a tense pronunciation vs the lax vowels
so tense vowels vs lax vowels
which consonants CAN’T be distinguished from each other just by indicating (a) glottal state, (b) place of articulation, and (c) manner of articulation? How, then, do we distinguish between them?
which vowels CAN’T be distinguished from each other just by indicating (a) tongue height, (b) tongue fronting/backness, (c) rounding of the lips, and (d) tension of the tongue? How, then, do we distinguish between them?
what does it mean that the main principle of IPA is that there must be a 1-to-1 correspondence between sound and symbol?
what are the following sounds/phenomena: glottal stop? flap? Canadian Raising?
do you understand why each symbol appears where it does on the charts?
