Chapter 3 - Perception & Attribution Flashcards

(31 cards)

1
Q

What is perception?

A

The process of interpreting the message of our senses to provide order and meaning to the environment.

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of perceptions?

A

1- Perceiver
2- Target
3- The situation

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3
Q

Define the perceiver

A

Past experiences lead to expectations.

Interests, values and needs can lead to focus on certain things

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4
Q

Define the target

A

Ambiguous targets are more prone to interpret and disturb.

The perceiver tries to resolve ambiguities (fill in gaps).

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5
Q

Define the situation

A

influences people by adding info about the target

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6
Q

What is perceptual Defence?

A

Defends us against unpleasant emotions

*See what you want to see and hear what you want other.

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7
Q

What is the model of Perceptual Process?

A

How we select cues in our interpretations which leads to opinions.

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8
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the model of perceptual process?

A

1- Selectivity
2- Constancy
3- Consistancy

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9
Q

What are the 6 Perception Biases?

A

1- Primary effect (rely on early cues and first impressions)
2- Recency effect (rely on last impressions)
3- Central traits (characteristics about you that I’m into)
4- Implicit Personality Theories (what we think our personality characteristic goes with) slow worker=not smart
5- Projection (attribute ones own thoughts n feelings to others)
6- Stereotyping (generalize people to a certain category)

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10
Q

What is the Social Identity Theory?

A

People form perceptions of themselves based on their personal characteristics and membership in social categories.
ex: who are you? “I’m a student”.

We respond in terms of various social categories that we think we belong in

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11
Q

What is Bruners Model of the Perceptual Process?

A

1) Unfamiliar Target - e.g new coworker LEADS TO
2) Openess to target - e.g. search for info LEAD TO
3) Familiar Cues Encountered - coworker graduated from harvard LEADS TO
4) Target Categorized - Good man/ good potentiao LEADS TO
5) Cue Selectivity - (Poor performance- ignored) LEADS TO
6) Categorization Streghtened - (still a good man vs potential)

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12
Q

What is Attribution?

A

Process by which causes or motives are assigned to explain peoples behaviour.

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13
Q

What are Dispositional Attributions?

A

Explanations for behaviour based on personality.

ex: laziness, friendly, greedy.

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14
Q

What are Situational Attributions?

A

Explanations for behaviour based on environment.

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15
Q

What are Consistency cues?

A

How often does the person engage in this behaviour?

Often (high) = Dispositional.

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16
Q

What are Consensus Cues?

A

How many other people engage in this behaviour?

Not too many (low)= Dispositional.

17
Q

What are Distinctiveness Cues?

A

Does this person engage in this behaviour in many situations?
Yes (Low) = Dispositional.

18
Q

What are the Biases in Attributions?

A

1) Fundamental attribution error
2) Actor-Observer Effect
3) Self-serving Bias

19
Q

According to the Biases in Attributions, define Fundamental attribution error…

A

Great situational attributions, poor dispositional attributions.
Ex: Link poor grades to students not studying enough.

20
Q

According to the Biases in Attributions, define Actor Observer Effect…

A

Observers and actors view the causes for the actors behaviour differently.

21
Q

According to the Biases in Attributions, define Self-Serving Bias…

A

Take credit for successful outcomes and deny responsibility for failures.
ex: bad grades because exam was hard.

22
Q

What is the changing workplace?

A

Today organizations want to value diversity and exploit for competitive advantage.

Visible minorities double by 2017 in Canada.
Work age is 45-64 (48%).

23
Q

Define Valuing Diversity…

A

Improve recruiting, marketing, competitiveness in global markets, creativity and problem solving.

24
Q

What are Stereotypes in Workforce Diversity?

A

1) Stereotyping (generalize ppl in a social category)
2) Self-fulfilling Prophecy
3) Stereotype threat

25
What is a Self-fulfiling Prophecy?
People who have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward the person, which causes the person to act in ways consist w your belief.
26
What is a stereotype threat?
When you are afraid that ppl will interpret their behaviour according to a stereotype and your anxiety lead you to act that way. eg: woman are bad at math..
27
What is Perceived Organizational Support (POS)?
Employees general belief that their organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being.
28
What is the Signalling Theory?
Job applicant interpret their recruitment experiences as cues or signals about unknown characteristics of an organization and what it will be like. ** Their interview or job interview.. gives them an idea on if they'll actually like the job**
29
What is the Rater Error?
When subject performance is measured.
30
What are the 5 Rater Errors?
1- Leniency (perceive job performance as good) 2- Harshness (ineffective) 3- Central tendency (middle-range performance categories) 4- Halo Effect 5- Similar-to-me effect (higher rates to similar ppl)
31
Describe the HALO EFFECT in the Rater Errors...
It is when the observer (rater) allows the rating of an individual on one trait to fill in the ratings of other traits.