Chapter 3 - Perception Flashcards

0
Q

Sensation

A

Absorbing raw energy through our sensory organs

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1
Q

Perception

A

The experience that results from sensation (stimulation of the senses)

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2
Q

Transduction

A

The process by which raw energy is converted to neutral signals

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3
Q

Distal stimulus

A

Object in the environment

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4
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

Pattern of stimulation registered by the senses

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5
Q

Percept

A

A meaningful interpretation of the proximal stimulus

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6
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Perceiving something to be unchanging in the environment despite changes in sensory input

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7
Q

Direct perception

A

Perception is based solely on information from the environment

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8
Q

Constructivism

A

Perception involves actively constructing a percept based on sensory information from the environment and prior knowledge and expectations

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9
Q

Bottom-up (data-driven) processing

A

Using sensory information from the environment

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10
Q

Top-down (theory-driven) processing

A

Using prior knowledge and expectations

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11
Q

Template matching

A

Comparing a pattern of stimulation with previously stored patterns (“templates”) in memory

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12
Q

Prototype matching

A

Comparing a pattern of stimulation with a single idealized representation (a “prototype”) in memory

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13
Q

Feature analysis

A

Breaking down a stimulus into components (“features”) and finding distinctive features to recognize the stimulus

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14
Q

Recognition-by-components theory

A

We perceive objects by identifying basic features called geons (“geometrical ions”)

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15
Q

Geon

A

A three-dimensional volume

16
Q

Principle of componential recovery

A

An object is recognized only if we can recover (perceive) it’s geons

17
Q

Word superiority effect

A

Better perception for letters in words than in isolation

18
Q

Interactive activation model

A

A neural network model in which activation propagates through interconnected nodes

19
Q

Heuristics

A

“Rules of thumb” that provide best-guess solutions to problems

20
Q

Algorithms

A

Step-by-step procedures guaranteed to solve problems

21
Q

law of good continuation

A

Points belong together when they connect to form straight or smoothly curving lines

22
Q

law of good figure

A

A stimulus pattern is seen such that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

23
Q

law of similarity

A

similar things appear to be grouped together

24
law of familiarity
Things that form familiar or meaningful patterns are likely to be grouped together
25
law of proximity
Things that are near each other appear to be grouped together
26
law of common fate
Things moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together