Chapter 3 Part 2: Memory

Question 1

What are the 3 major processes involved in memory?

Answer 1

• Encoding(or registration-*
• Storage*
• Retrieval*

Question 2

What is memory?

Answer 2

It is a complex multimodal system.

Question 3

What is memory allow people to do?

Answer 3

• To make decisions
• To interact with others
• to solve problems.

Question 4

What is encoding or registration?

Answer 4

It is a process of combining and placing received information into memory.

Question 5

What is storage?

Answer 5

It is the creation of a permanent record of the encoded information.

Question 6

What is Retrieval?

Answer 6

It involves bringing information from long-term memory to short-term memory so that it can be used or examined.

Question 7

What is essentially memory?

Answer 7

It is the capacity for storing and retrieving information.

Question 8

What does the 3 processes over memory determine?

Answer 8

Whether something is remembered or forgotten.

Question 9

What is called in coding?

Answer 9

Processing information into memory.

Question 10

What are the différents ways to encode Verbal information?

Answer 10

• structural encoding*
• Phonemic encoding*
• Semantic encoding*.

Question 11

What is structural encoding?

Answer 11

It focuses on what words look like.For instance, one might note wether words are long or short, in uppercase or low case, or handwritten or typed.

Question 12

What is phonemic encoding?

Answer 12

It focuses on how words sound.

Question 13

What is semantic encoding?

Answer 13

It focuses on the meaning of words.

It requires a deeper level of processing than structural or phonemic encoding and usually results in better memory.

Question 14

What is the storage phase?

Answer 14

After information enters the brain, it has to be stored or maintained.

Question 15

What do psychologists use to describe the process of storage?

Answer 15

They use the three-phase model proposed by R. Atkinson and R. Shiffrin.

Question 16

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin model (Also known as the multi-store model)?

Answer 16

It’s a model of memory that has the advantage of being able to be broken down into sub-models of memory.
Psychological model proposed in 1968 as a proposal for structure of memory.
It proposed that huma memory involves a sequence of three stages.

Question 17

What are the 3 stages of the sequence of memory according to Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Answer 17

• Sensory memory
• Short-term memory
• Long-term memory.

Question 18

Sensory Memory what does it stores?

Answer 18

It stores incoming sensory information in detail only for an instant.

Question 19

What is the capacity of sensory memomy?

Answer 19

It is very large, but the information in it is unprocessed.

Question 20

How is called the Visual sensory memory?

Answer 20

Iconic memory

Question 21

How is called the auditory sensory memory?

Answer 21

Echoic memory

Question 22

Where do some of the informations in sensory memory goes?

Answer 22

It transfers to short-term memory.

Question 23

How long do short term memory can approximately can hold information?

Answer 23

20 seconds.

Question 24

What can help keep information in short-term memory longer?

Answer 24

Rehearsing

Question 25

How is the capacity of short-term memory?

Answer 25

It is limited: it can store about 7 pieces of information, plus or minus 2 pieces.

Question 26

What is “chunking”?

Answer 26

It is a method that can help to increase capacity of short-term memory, by combining small bits of information into bigger, familiar pieces.

Question 27

Why do psychologist consider short-term memory to be a working memory?

Answer 27

Rather than being a temporary information storage system, working memory is an active system.Information can be kept in working memory while people process or examine it.

Question 28

What does working memory allows people to?

Answer 28

Working memory allows people to temporarily store and manipulate visual images, store information while trying to make decisions, and remember a phone number long enough to write it down.

Question 29

Where do information from the short-term memory can be transferred?

Answer 29

In the Long-term memory. And from longterm memory back to short-term memory.

Question 30

What is the capacity of the long term memory?

Answer 30

It has an almost infinite capacity, and information in long-term memory usually stays there for the duration of a person’s life.

Question 31

What is retrieval?

Answer 31

It is the process of getting information out of memory.

Question 32

What are retrieval cues (indices)?

Answer 32

They are stimuli that help the process of retrieval.
It includes:
- Associations
- Context
- Mood.

Question 33

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 33

It is the loss of memories that formed before a traum such as brain injury.
Retrograde amnesia after a trauma such as a car accident is often a form of retrieval failure. We know this because memories lost in retrograde amnesia (e.g. memories for the time right before the crash) often come back.

Question 34

What is Anterograde amnesia, H.M’s type?

Answer 34

prevents new memories from being formed after a trauma such as brain injury. Lost memories in anterograde amnesia never come back, probably because they were never properly formed in the first place.

Question 35

What are the strengths of the Atkinson-Shriffin model?

Answer 35

• The evidence of the distinction between STM and LTM provided by many memory studies.
• Primacy & récence effects
• The model is influencial as it has generated a lot of reach into memory.

Question 36

What is known as the serial position effect?

Answer 36

Experiments show that when participants are presented with a list of words, they tend to remember the first few and last few words and are more likely to forget those in the middle of the list. This is known as the serial position effect.

Question 37

What is called the primacy effect?

Answer 37

The tendency to recall earlier words

Question 38

What is called the recency effect?

Answer 38

the tendency to recall the later words.

Question 39

What is the HM case study?

Answer 39

HM is still alive but has marked problems in long-term memory after brain surgery. He has remembered little of personal (death of mother and father) or public events (Watergate, Vietnam War) that have occurred over the last 45 years. However his short-term memory remains intact.

Question 40

What are the weaknesses of the Atkinson-Shriffin model?

Answer 40

• The model is oversimplified, when it suggests that both short-term and long-term memory each operate in a single, uniform fashion. THis is not the case.
• The model suggests rehearsal helps to transfer information into LTM but this is not essential. Why are we able to recall information which we did not rehearse (e.g. swimming) yet unable to recall information which we have rehearsed (e.g. reading your notes while revising).
• However, the models main emphasis was on structure and tends to neglect the process elements of memory (e.g. it only focuses on attention and rehearsal).
• The multi store model has been criticized for being a passive/one way/linear model.
• experiences conducted in laboratories (not cloth to real life.

Question 41

What is the Working Model of Memory proposed by Baddelez and Hitch (1974)?

Answer 41

• It showed that STM is more than just one simple unitary store and comprises different components (central executive, Visio-spatial…).
• In case of LTM, it is unlikely that different kinds of knowledge, such as remembering how to play a computer game, the rules of subtraction and remembering what we did yesterday are all stored within a single LTM store.

Question 42

Which are the different types of LTM identified?

Answer 42

• episodic (memories of events)
• procedural (knowledge of how do things)
• semantic ( General knowledge).

Question 43

Wha the is ecological validity?

Answer 43

Psychologist use that term to refer to the extent to which the findings of research studies can be generalized to other settings. An experiment has high ecological validity if its findings can be generalized, that is applied or extended, to settings outside the laboratory.