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abdomen registry > Chapter 3. Pancreas > Flashcards

Chapter 3. Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

To secrete amylase, trypsin, and lipase into the ductal system.

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2
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

To secrete insulin into the bloodstream via the islets of Langerhans.

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3
Q

What is the normal AP measurement of the pancreas…

A

The AP measurement of the pancreas should be <3 CM

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4
Q

From which vessel does the majority of the pancreas receive its blood supply?

A

The splenic artery supplies blood to the pancreatic head, body and tail.

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5
Q

The SMA and SMV are located — in relation to the pancreatic neck

A

The SMV and SMA are located posterior to the pancreatic neck.

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6
Q

The SMA and SMV are located — to the uncinate process of the pancreas

A

The SMA and SMV are located anterior to the uncinate process

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7
Q

The celiac axis arises from the Ao at the —- border of the pancreas

A

Superior

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8
Q

The SMA arises from the Ao at the — border of the pancreas

A

Inferior

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9
Q

Which branch of the celiac axis is a tortuous vessel that courses along the superior border of the pancreatic body and tail

A

The splenic artery

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10
Q

List the branches of the celiac axis…

A

Left gastric artery, splenic artery and the common hepatic artery are the branches of the celiac axis

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11
Q

List the branches off the common hepatic artery…

A

The gastroduodenal artery (GDA), and proper hepatic artery are the branches of the common hepatic artery

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12
Q

The proper hepatic artery branches into the…

A

Right gastric artery

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13
Q

What vessels make up the MPV?

A

The splenic vein and SMV join to form the MPV.

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14
Q

The splenic vein is located along the — aspect of the pancreas

A

Posterior

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15
Q

The ampulla of Vater may also be referred to as the

A

Hepaticopancreatic ampulla

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16
Q

What is another name for the accessory pancreatic duct?

A

The duct of Santorini

NOTE - 50% of the population has complete regression of this duct

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17
Q

What is the normal measurement of the main pancreatic duct?

A

The main pancreatic duct should measure <2.0 MM

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18
Q

What are the two most common causes of acute pancreatitis?

A

Gallstones and alcohol abuse are the two most common causes of acute pancreatitis

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19
Q

The sonographic appearance of acute pancreatitis includes…

A

An enlarged HYPOechoic gland along with clinical and lab findings is suggestive of acute pancreatitis

20
Q

An inflammatory mass formed by edema and leakage of pancreatic enzymes as a complication of acute pancreatitis

A

Pancreatic Phlegmon (Focal pancreatitis)

21
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?

A

Alcoholic chronic pancreatitis

22
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of chronic pancreatitis

A

Atrophic
HYPERechoic
calcifications
pancreatic duct dilation (>2MM)
portal vein thrombosis

23
Q

True pancreatic cysts are rare, multiple pancreatic cyst are associated with what conditions…

A

Von Hippel-Lindau disease
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Cystic fibrosis

24
Q

Meconium ileus (thick and sticky stool) is associated with what disease?

A

Cystic fibrosis

25
Q

Failure of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ductal systems to fuse during embryonic development. Results in the Santorini’s duct draining the pancreas

A

Pancreatic divisum

26
Q

Due to inadequate pancreatic enzyme drainage, pancreatic divisum may result in…

A

Pancreatitis

27
Q

Congenital anomaly where the ventral pancreas encircles the duodenum and may present as a “double bubble” sign with dilated stomach and duodenal bulb.

A

Annular pancreas

28
Q

Where along the pancreas are the majority of pancreatic adenocarcinomas located?

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically arises from the pancreatic head

29
Q

T or F, Patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma hardly present with lymphatic or metastatic spread of the tumor

A

FALSE. 90% of patients with pan adeno present with lymphatic and metastatic spread

30
Q

List patient symptoms and the sonographic findings of panc adeno

A

Symptoms - abdominal/back pain, jaundice (painless), weight loss

Sono - solid hypoechoic mass typically in the head of the pancreas

31
Q

The accumulation of pancreatic fluid and necrotic debris confined by the retroperitoneum. This occurs in an attempt to wall off the pancreatic secretions to prevent further tissue damage.

A

Pancreatic pseudocysts

32
Q

What portion of the pancreas most commonly has pancreatic pseudocysts?

A

Pancreatic pseudocysts most commonly occur at the pancreatic tail.

33
Q

What is the most common cause of pancreatic pseudocysts in children?

A

Abdominal trauma is the most common cause of pancreatic pseudocysts in children.

34
Q

Benign condition that is associated with Von Hippel-Lindau disease and was formerly known as microcystic cystadenomas…

A

Pancreatic serous cystadenoma

35
Q

What is the sonographic sign of pancreatic serous cystadenomas?

A

Cluster of grape like cysts with external lobulation.

36
Q

What is the most common cystic mass of the pancreas?

A

Mucinous cystic neoplasms

Note - mucinous cystic neoplasms are considered pre-malignant or malignant lesions typically cause elevated CEA and CA-19-9 serum levels

37
Q

Where in the pancreas are majority of mucinous cystic neoplasms located?

A

80% of mucinous cystic neoplasms occur in the body or tail of the pancreas.

38
Q

What are the sonographic signs of a pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm?

A

Large, multicystic mass with numerous septations and debris. Difficult to distinguish from a pancreatic serous cystadenoma.

39
Q

Islet cell tumors aka endocrine tumors are associated with which diseases?

A

Islet cell tumors are associated with Von Hipppel-Lindau disease and Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN-1) disease.

40
Q

What is the most common islet cell tumor? Is it benign or malignant? Does it result in high or low blood sugars?

A

Insulinoma is the most common islet cell tumor. It is usually benign and it results in hyperinsulinemia leading to HYPOglycemia.

41
Q

What is the second most common islet cell tumor? Is it benign or malignant?

A

Gastrinoma aka Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) is the second most common islet cell tumor. It is frequently malignant.

42
Q

Where in the pancreas are majority of islet cell tumors located?

A

In the head of the pancreas. (other islet cell tumors are frequently seen in the body and tail).

43
Q

An inherited endocrine disorder that is associated with islet cell tumors is known as…

A

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)

44
Q

What pancreatic enzyme digests carbohydrates?

A

Amylase digests carbohydrates

45
Q

Serum lipase levels parallel amylase levels. Although, lipase levels rise — and persist —

A

Later, longer

abdomen registry (6 decks)

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