Chapter 3 - Neuroscience and Behaviour II

Question 1

Basal Ganglia

Answer 1

1. Set of subcortical structures
2. Directs intentional movements
3. Reward processing
4. Located near thalamus and hypothalamus
5. Receives input from the cerebral cortex
6. Sends outputs to motor. centres in brain stem

Question 2

Endocrine System

Answer 2

Main glands…
1. thyroid
2. adrenals
3. pancreas
4. pineal

Question 3

Pituitary gland

Answer 3

1. Master Gland
2. Release hormones that direct functions of other glands
3. Controls stress, digestive activities, and reproductive processes

Question 4

Cortex

Answer 4

1. Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, and Temporal Lobe
2. Highest level of the brain

Question 5

Corpus Callosum

Answer 5

Nerve fibres connecting the two sides of the brain

Question 6

Occipital Lobe

Answer 6

Processes visual information

Question 7

Parietal Lobe

Answer 7

Processes information about touch

Question 8

Temporal Lobe

Answer 8

Responsible for hearing and language

Question 9

Frontal Lobe

Answer 9

Specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

Question 10

Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 10

Represents skin areas on the contralateral surface of the body

Question 11

Association Areas

Answer 11

Composed of nuerons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex

Stitch together threads of information in various parts of cortex

Question 12

Mirror Neuron System

Answer 12

Activated when an organism engages in a behaviour or observes another engage in that behaviour

Question 13

Brain Plasticity

Answer 13

Functions assigned to certain areas can be reassigned to other areas

Question 14

Influence of practice

Answer 14

constantly doing something can “remap” the brain (Pianists)

Question 15

Influence of exercise

Answer 15

Physical exercise can increase number of synapses and development of new neurons

Question 16

Influence of culture

Answer 16

culture exerts impact ob neurobiological processes

Cultural neuroscience

Question 17

Degree of relatedness

Answer 17

Monozygotic versus dizygotic twins

Question 18

Heritability

Answer 18

Measure of the variability of behavioural traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors

Question 19

Monozygotic

Answer 19

share 100% of their genes

Question 20

Dizygotic

Answer 20

share 50% of their genes

Question 21

Epigenetic

Answer 21

Study of environmental influences that determine wether genes are expressed

Question 22

Epigenetic Marks

Answer 22

Chemical modifications to DNA - turn genes on or off

Question 23

DNA Methylation

Answer 23

Adding a methyl group (special enzymes) to DNA

Question 24

Heritability

Answer 24

Abstract concept
population concept
dependent on the environment
is not fate

Question 25

Phineas Gage

Answer 25

Traumatic accident - pole through head - allowed researchers to learn about frontal lobe

Question 26

CT Scan

Answer 26

shows different braun density
locate tumors

Question 27

MRI

Answer 27

Provides clearer picture of brain structure

Question 28

DTI

Answer 28

Visualizes white matter
Humann connectome project, connectivity of the brain

Question 29

PET

Answer 29

raduation detectors

Question 30

fMRI

Answer 30

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in teh brain

shows activity not just strcuture

Question 31

TMS

Answer 31

ethically mimic brain damage