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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 2 - Methods in Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Methods in Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Dogmatism

A

the tendency to cling to one’s beliefs

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1
Q

Empiricism

A

the conviction that accurate knowledge of the world can be acquired by observing it

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2
Q

Scientific Method

A

a procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts

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3
Q

Theories

A

explanations of natural phenomena

“ideas about how something works”

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A falsifiable prediction made by a theory

good theories give rise to hypotheses that can be falsified and when that happens the theory is proved wrong

a theory can never be proved right

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5
Q

Scientific Method Steps

A
  1. develop a theory
  2. derives a falsifiable hypothesis from it
  3. test that hypothesis by observing the world (gathering empirical evidence)
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6
Q

Eadweard Muybridge

A

horse pictures

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7
Q

Empirical Method

A

set of rules and techniques for observation

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8
Q

Method

A

technologies that enhance the powers of the senses

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9
Q

Complex

A

Different thoughts feelings and actions we have

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10
Q

Variable

A

No two people are the same

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11
Q

Reactive

A

people tend to act differently when they think they are being observed and when they are not

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12
Q

Methods of Observation

A

Observe what people do

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13
Q

Methods of Explanation

A

Observe why people do things

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14
Q

Operational Definition

A

a description of a property in measurable terms

(People smile when they are happy)

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15
Q

Construct Validity

A

a feature of operational definitions whose specified operations are generally considered good indicators of the specified properties

how valid a form of “measurement” is

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16
Q

A good detector is…

A

Power - a detectors ability to detect the presence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property

Reliability - a detectors ability to detect the absence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property

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17
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects

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18
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

Observing People in their natural Environment

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19
Q

Observer Bias

A

The bias of the observer affects what they believe and what they observe

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20
Q

Double-blind study

A

neither the researcher nor the participants know how the participants will behave

21
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

graphic representation showing the number of times that the measurement of a property takes on each of its possible values

22
Q

Mode

A

value of the most frequently observed measurement

22
Q

Normal Distribution

A

frequency of measurement is highest in the middle and decrease in both directions

23
Q

Mean

A

Average value of all the measurements

24
Q

Median

A

the value that is in the middle

25
Q

Standard Deviation

A

how each of the measurements in a frequency distribution differs from the mean

26
Q

Manipulation

A

a technique for determining the causal power of a variable by actively changing its value

27
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that is manipulated

Measure

28
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that is measured in an experiment

29
Q

Three steps on experiment

A
  1. Manipulate
  2. Measure
  3. Compare
30
Q

Self-Selection

A

a problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines the value of the independent variable to which the participant was exposed

31
Q

Random Assignment

A

Procedure that assigns participants by chance

32
Q

Internal Validity

A

an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships

When an experiment has internal validity it means everything inside the experiment is working in order for us to use its results to conclude about a casual relationship

33
Q

External Validity

A

how relevant or valid the study or results are outside of the experiment

34
Q

Case Method

A

Gathering scientific info by studying a single individual

35
Q

random Sampling

A

Choosing who does what in an experiment, randomly

36
Q

Replication

A

an experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population

37
Q

Type I Errors

A

when researchers conclude that there is a causal relationship between two variables when un fact there is not

False positive

A fluke

38
Q

Type II Errors

A

when researchers conclude that there is not a causal relationship between two variables when in fact there is

False negative

A flunk

39
Q

Baconian Method

A

Scientific Method

Sir Francis Bacon

40
Q

Bacon

A

“people rarely pay attention to what is missing”

41
Q

Informed Consent

A

a verbal agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been unformed of all the risks that may ensue

42
Q

Freedom from Coercion

A

researchers must not coerce people into participation

43
Q

Protection from Harm

A

Must take every precaution to protect their participants from psychical or psychological harm

44
Q

Risk Benefit analysis

A

no large risk or harm is even allowed to be asked about

45
Q

Deception

A

can only use deception when it is justified by scientific study

46
Q

Debriefing

A

is the participant was deceived in any way they must be debriefed after on the actual intentions of the study

47
Q

confidentiality

A

keep private and personal information confidential

48
Q

Replacement

A

researchers have to prove that there is no alternative to using animals

49
Q

Reduction

A

researchers must use the smallest amount of animals to achieve the research

50
Q

Refinement

A

procedures must be modified to minimize discomfort,, infection, illness etc

PSYCH 104 (5 decks)

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