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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 3 - Neuroscience and Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Neuroscience and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with each other to perform information processing tasks

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2
Q

Cell Body

A

Also called the Soma

component of the neuron that coordinates the information processing tasks. and keeps the cell alive

Contains the nucleus - containing chromosomes

Enclosed by a porous cell membrane that allows some molecules to flow in and out

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from other neurons and relay it to the cell body

Dendrite - greek word tree

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4
Q

Axon

A

Carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

they can be very long

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5
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Axon is covered by the sheath

An insulating layer of fatty material composed of glial cells

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6
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support cells that are found in the nervous system

Some functions include
- digest parts of dead neurons
- provide physical and nutritional support for neurons
- insulate and allow the axon to carry information more efficiently

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7
Q

Demyelinating diseases

A

such as multiple sclerosis

causes the sheath to deteriorate slowing communication between neurons

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8
Q

Synapse

A

junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

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9
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via SPINAL CORD

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10
Q

Motor Neurons

A

carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons and other interneurons

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12
Q

Purkinje cells

A

carry information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

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13
Q
  1. Conducted
A

Electric signal is conducted inside the neuron, from the dendrites to the cell body, and then down the axon

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14
Q
  1. Transmitted
A

A chemical signal is transmitted from one neuron to another, across the synapses

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15
Q

Electrochemical action

A

Together, 1. and 2. make up an electrochemical action

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16
Q

Resting Potential

A

When at rest the neuron is slightly negatively charged on the inside and positively on the outside

K+ on the inside and Na+ on the outside

it is the electric charge difference between outside and inside of axon

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17
Q

Action Potential

A

an electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neurons axon to synapse

Occurs when the electric shock reaches the threshold - activating an “All or none” response

The electric shock opens channels in the axon allowing for an influx of Na+ ions inside the axon

This influx of ions spreads around and opens up other channels - domino affect

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18
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

the “breaks” in the myelin sheath

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19
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Where the action potential “jumps” from the nodes of ranvier

when in reality the ions are just slowly moving “under” the sheath until they hit the next node

20
Q

Refractory period

A

As the action potential passes through it cannot go backwards because the previous section if the axon is temporarily inactive

it is the period where another action potential cannot pass through yet

The axon is “recovering”

During this period the ion ratio is restored by stopping the influx of Na+ ions while opening K+ channels

21
Q

Hyper polarization

A

As the axon is being brought back to the regular ion ratio, it goes a bit too far and too many K+ ions are let out causing hyper polarzation

this is regulated then by allowing some Na+ ions in

Not always present in an action potential

22
Q

Steps of action potential

A
  1. Depolarization
  2. Repolarization
  3. Hyper polarization
  4. Resting potential
23
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

Knoblike structures that brach out from an axon

Each button is filled with tiny vesicles that contain neurotransmitters

24
Q

Neurotransmission (3)

A
  1. Re-uptake - when the neurotransmitters are absorbed by the terminal buttons (through the channel, image)
  2. Enzyme Deactivation - the neurotransmitters are destroyed by enzymes in the synapse
  3. Diffusion - occurs when neurotransmitters drift out of the synapse and can no longer reach the synapse
25
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neurons dendrites

26
Q

Receptors

A

parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and either initiate or prevent a new electric signal

27
Q

Auto-receptors

A

Neurotransmitters bind to auto-receptors, these receptors detect how much of a neurotransmitter has been released into a synapse and may stop the release of more

28
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Voluntary motor control

Attention, sleeping, learning, dreaming, memory

29
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

If by binding to a receptor a drug activates the neurotransmitter it is an agonist

30
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that diminish the function of a neurotransmitter

If by binding to a receptor it prevents the neurotransmitter from acting it is an antagonist

31
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

compose of the brain and spinal cord

  • sensory information
  • coordinates info
  • sends commands to skeletal and muscular systems
32
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

connects the CNS and bodys organs and muscles

Two subdivisions
1. Somatic nervous system
2. Autonomic Nervous system

32
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

Conveys info between skeletal muscles and central nervous system (Voluntary)

33
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

set of nerves carry involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands

Has two subdivisions
1. Sympathetic nervous system
2. Parasympathetic nervous system

34
Q

Sympathetic Nervous system

A

prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations (Fight or flight)

35
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system

A

Helps the body return to a normal resting state

Reverse the affects of the sympathetic nervous syetem

36
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

Simple pathways that rapidly generate muscle contractions

37
Q

Reflex arc

A

The neural pathway that controls reflex actions

38
Q

Spinal Cord

A

It is divided into 4 parts, damage to the parts higher up are more dire

39
Q

Hindbrain

A

area of the brain that coordinates information coming in and out of the spinal cord

respiration, alertness, motor skills

Medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum and the pons

40
Q

Midbrain

A

Two main structures - tectum and tegmentum

41
Q

Forebrain

A

Complex cognitive, emotional, sensory and motor functions

two main sections - cerebral cortex and subcortical structures

42
Q

Limbic System

A

Hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

43
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A subcotrical strucure

Regulates body temp, hunger, thirst and sexual behaviour

44
Q

Hippocampus

A

Critical for storing and creating memories while integrating them into the network of the brain so they can be stored in other parts of the cerebral cortex

45
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional processes and emotional memories

46
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements and reward processing

Located near the thalamus and hypothalamus

Receives inout from the cerebral cortex and send out to the motor sections of the brain

Striatum

PSYCH 104 (5 decks)

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