Chapter 3 - Neurological Bases of Speech and Language

Question 1

Neuroscience

Answer 1

the study of neuroanatomy or where structures are located and neurophysiology or how the brain functions

Question 2

Neurolinguistics

Answer 2

study of neuroanatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of language

try to identify structures in the nervous system involved in language processing and to explain the process

Question 3

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 3

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 4

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 4

conducts impulses either toward or away from the CNS

Consists of 12 cranial, 31 spinal nerves

Cranial nerves important for speech, language, hearing, and course between brainstem and face/neck

Question 5

Afferent nerves

Answer 5

nerves that conduct messages toward the brain

Question 6

Efferent Nerves

Answer 6

Conduct messages away from the brain

Question 7

What is your nervous system responsible for?

Answer 7

Consists of brain, spinal cord, and all associated nerves and sense organs

monitoring your body’s state by conducting messages from senses to organs and responding by conducting messages to the organs and muscles - transmission through nerves

Question 8

Neuron

Answer 8

nerve cell - basic unit of your nervous system

Nerve - collection of neurons

approx 100 billion in your nervous system

Question 9

Parts of a neuron

Answer 9

Cell body, axon, dendrite

Question 10

Axon

Answer 10

Part of neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell bod y

Question 11

Dendrites

Answer 11

Part of the neuron that receives impulses from other cells and transmits to cell body

Question 12

Synapse

Answer 12

The space between axons and dendrites where chemical-electrical impulses jump

Question 13

Reticular formation

Answer 13

Compact unit of neurons in the brain stem that acts as an integrator of incoming auditory, visual, tactile, and other sensory inputs and as a filter to inhibit or facilitate sensory transmission

Question 14

Thalamus

Answer 14

Sits above the brain stem near the center of the brain

Relays incoming sensory information (with the exception of smell) to the appropriate portion of the brain for analysis and prepares the brain to receive input

Question 15

Cerebellum

Answer 15

Rear or back of the brain stem

Responsible for equilibrium; regulates motor and muscle activity by acting on messages sent from “higher up”

Has little to do with thought processes, analysis, synthesis found in upper portions of the brain

Question 16

Cerebrum

Answer 16

Atop the brain stem and cerebellum and divided into left and right hemispheres (largest portion of the brain)

Question 17

Contralateral

Answer 17

Most sensory and motor functions are contralateral - each hemisphere is concerned with the opposite side of the body

Vision and hearing are exceptions to this crossover

Cerebral hemispheres are roughly symmetrical for most functions

Language hemispheres are asymmetrical

Question 18

The fiber tracts are of what three types

Answer 18

Association - run between different areas within each hemisphere

Projection - connect the cortex to the brain stem and below

Transverse - connect the two hemispheres

Question 19

What is the largest transverse tract?

Answer 19

Corpus callosum - connects the two hemispheres

Question 20

What causes the wrinkled appearance in the cortex?

Answer 20

Gyri - hills
Fissures or sulci- valleys

Question 21

4 lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 21

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

Question 22

Which portion of the brain is most anterior and the newest portion to evolve?

Answer 22

Prefrontal cortex - executive functioning, control, organization, synthesis of sensory and motor information

Question 23

What does executive function do?

Answer 23

Readies the brain and allocates resources

Responsible in part for control over the entire operation

Question 24

Cortex

Answer 24

Outer layer of neural tissue of cerebrum

Question 25

Three basic brain functions

Answer 25

Regulation - energy and overall tone of your cortex; maintains the brain at basic level of awareness and responsively

processing - rear of cortex, controls information analysis, coding, storage

formulation - frontal lobe; responsible for formation of intentions and programs for behavior; attention and concentration; motor planned and coordinated but not activated by formulation