Chapter 1 - The Territory

Question 1

Linguists

Answer 1

Specialists who try to determine language rules that people use to communicate

Question 2

Pyscholinguistics

Answer 2

study of the way people acquire and process language

Question 3

Sociolinguistics

Answer 3

Study of language, cultural, and situational influences

Question 4

Speech

Answer 4

a verbal means of communicating. others means are writing, drawing, manual signing

Question 5

phonemes

Answer 5

specific sounds within a spoken language

Question 6

Language

Answer 6

A socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols, and rule governed combinations of those symbols

Question 7

Dialects

Answer 7

Subcategories of the parent language that use similar but not identical rules

Question 8

Coding

Answer 8

A factor of the speaker and listeners shared meanings, the linguistic skills of each, and the context in which the exchange takes place

Question 9

Communication

Answer 9

Is the process participants use to exchange information and ideas, needs, and desires. Active process involving encoding, transmitting, and decoding the intended message.

Question 10

Communicative competence

Answer 10

The degree to which a speaker is successful in communicating, measured by the appropriateness and effectiveness of the message. The competent communicator is able to conceive, formulate, modulate, and issue messages and to perceive the degree to which intended meanings are successfully conveyed

Question 11

Paralinguistic codes

Answer 11

Including intonation, stress or emphasis, speed or rate of delivery, pause or hesitation are superimposed on speech to signal attitude or emotion

Question 12

Intonation

Answer 12

The use of pitch (most complex of all paralinguistic codes) and is used to signal mood of an utterance

Question 13

Suprasegmental devices

Answer 13

Paralinguistic mechanisms that change the form and meaning of a sentence by acting across elements, or segments, of a sentence

E.g. stress, intonation, tone, pitch to convey meaning and emotion

Question 14

Nonlinguistic cues

Answer 14

Includes gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, head and body movement, and physical distance or proxemics

Question 15

Metalinguistic skills

Answer 15

The ability to talk about language, analyze it, think about it, judge it, and see it as an entity separate from its content
E.g. learning to read and write

Question 16

Linguistic competence

Answer 16

User’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules

Question 17

Linguistic performance

Answer 17

Linguistic knowledge in actual usage

Question 18

Long term constraints for discrepancy between competence and performance

Answer 18

Ethnic background, socioeconomic status, region of country, intellectual disability

Question 19

Short term constraints on discrepancy between competence and performance

Answer 19

Physical state changes - intoxication, fatigue, distraction, illness, situational variants such as role, status, or personal relations of speaker

Question 20

Comprehension in communication is influenced by what?

Answer 20

Intent of the speaker, the context, available shared meanings, and the linguistic complexity of the utterance

Question 21

Language as a generative system means

Answer 21

Generative has root in generate which means to produce, create (genesis), or bring into existence. Language is productive or creative tool

Words can refer to more than one thing
These things can be called by different names
Words can be combined in different ways

Question 22

Displacement

Answer 22

Ability to communicate beyond the immediate or present context (e.g. talking about an event that happened the week prior)

Question 23

Language divided into three major components

Answer 23

Form, content, use

Question 24

Form in language includes?

Answer 24

Syntax, morphology, and phonology

Question 25

Content in language encompasses

Answer 25

Semantics (meaning), pragmatic (use)

Question 26

Syntax

Answer 26

Form or structure of a sentence; specify word, phrase, clause order, sentence organization, and relationships between word, word classes, and other sentence elements

Question 27

How are sentences organized?

Answer 27

According to overall function. E.g. declaratives, interrogatives etc

Question 28

What are the main elements of a sentence?

Answer 28

Noun and verb phrases composed of various word classes (n, v, adj, etc)

Question 29

Morphology

Answer 29

Concerned with the internal organization of words

Question 30

Words consist of one or more smaller units called?

Answer 30

Morphemes

Question 31

Morpheme

Answer 31

Smallest grammatical unit and is indivisible without violating the meaning or producing meaningless units e.g. dog

Question 32

Morphemes are of two varieties

Answer 32

Free - independent and can stand alone e.g. toy, big, happy

Bound - grammatical markers that cannot function independently
E.g. s, est, un

Question 33

What are the two types of bound morphemes?

Answer 33

Derivational- include prefixes and suffixes

Inflectional - suffixes only; changes the state or increases the precision of the free morpheme (e.g. ed, plural markers, third person singular present tense verb ending such as “s” in she walks)

Question 34

Phonology

Answer 34

Aspect of language concerned with the rules governing structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables

Question 35

phoneme

Answer 35

smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning e.g. letter sound /p/

Question 36

Allophonoes

Answer 36

individual members of these families of sounds e.g. /p/ sound will sound different depending soon the surrounding sounds - soup, poor, pea

e.g. word butter the “tt” sound is an allophone of /t/ because it’s a variation on the sound. more like “td”

Question 37

How are phonemes classified

Answer 37

by their acoustic or sound properties as well as by the way they are produced (how the airstream is modified) and their place of production (where along the vocal tract the modification occurs)

Question 38

How many phonemes does English have?

Answer 38

approximately 43 phonemes

Question 39

Distributional rules describe?

Answer 39

which sounds can be employed in various positions in words. e.g. in English the “ng” sound never appears at the beginning of a word in the English language

Question 40

Sequencing rules

Answer 40

address sound modifications made when two phonemes appear next to each other e.g. “ed” in walked vs. jogged - one uses the /t/ and the other /d/ sound

Question 41

Semantics

Answer 41

system of rules around meaning or content of words and word combinations

Question 42

World knowledge

Answer 42

refers to an individual’s autobiographical and experiential understanding and memory of particular events

Question 43

Word knowledge

Answer 43

contains word and symbol definitions and is primarily verbal. Word knowledge forms each person’s mental dictionary or thesaurus

Question 44

Concept development

Answer 44

results in increased validity, status, accessibility

Question 45

Status

Answer 45

alternative referents e.g. canine for dog

Question 45

Validity

Answer 45

amount of agreement between a language user’s concept and the shared concept of the language community

Question 46

accessibility

Answer 46

the ease of retrieval from memory and use of the concept

Question 47

Semantic features

Answer 47

aspects of the meaning that characterize the word e.g. features of mother include parent or female

Question 48

Selection restrictions

Answer 48

based on specific features and prohibit certain word combinations because they are meaningless or redundant. e.g. male mother (meaningless); female mother (redundant)

Question 49

Pragmatics

Answer 49

overall organizing aspect of language in which all of the other elements (morphology, semantics, phonology, syntax) are ordered.

the use of language to affect others or to relay information; the study of language in context and concentrates on language as a communication tool to achieve social ends

Question 50

Pragmatics consists of

Answer 50

1. Communication intention and how they are carried out
2. Conversational principles or rules
3. Types of discourse, such as narratives and jokes, and their construction

Question 51

Dialect Factors

Answer 51

Geography, socioeconomic level, race and ethnicity, situation or context, peer-group influences, first or second language learning