Ch. 12 - Adolescent and Adult Language

Question 1

Co-articulation

Answer 1

The influence of one phoneme on another during connected or running speech

E.g. cats /s/ is influenced by voiceless sound /t/; thus, /s/ is also voiceless. Compare to beads /s/ is influenced by voiced /d/ and therefore, becomes voiced /z/

Question 2

Genderlect

Answer 2

Style of talking used by the genders

Question 3

Language Development Through adulthood

Answer 3

Continues but at slower pace

LD is only hindered by poor health, trauma, illness, or disease

Along with LD, cognitive growth also continues

Question 4

What is major area in which we see most growth?

Answer 4

Vocabulary development followed by social communication skills

Question 5

Aging

Answer 5

Slow decline in both oral and written language comprehension, in the ability to understand syntactically complex sentences, and in the ability to make inferences

Hearing loss can exacerbate language decline

Hearing loss is more common in men

Question 6

Language Development in Adulthood

Answer 6

Vocal acquisition has to do with what you are exposed to and what you are involved in…e.g. if you are a professional football player, your vocabulary words will mostly revolve around terms related to occupation

Question 7

Pragmatics in Adults

Answer 7

Adults have ability to shift style and form of communication across many social settings

Style, form, and vocal used can vary across diff social situations

Funeral vs. party vs. classroom etc.

Question 8

Pragmatics - registers

Answer 8

styles of speech

Include:

professional jargon with job, requiring specific language skills and communication rules that reflect the power structure within the workplace

Selective register styles: formal vs. informal we find in business vs. personal settings

Registers can be across cultures and social groups

Question 9

One of the main differences in adults and children in the use of pragmatics is?

Answer 9

the development of narration and special styles of communicating that are found only in adulthood

In general style shifting or use of different registers is unconscious and rapid

Question 10

Pragmatic Development in Children

Answer 10

Must first acquire relevant social pragmatics skills before they can develop distinct speaking styles

Have to gain awareness that they can adjust their speech in social settings

Question 11

Children may not develop adult-like styles of speaking until they have acquired?

Answer 11

articulatory control

Question 12

Middle and High School Years - conversations look like?

Answer 12

Spend a lot of time with peers

eye contact

nodding

neutral and positive facial expressions

Statements made in response to what has been said

sarcasm, jokes, double word meanings

Question 13

What’s missing in middle and high school conversations?

Answer 13

Negative emotions, turning away, requests for clarification, failure to answer questions

Question 14

Young Adult Conversational Characteristics

Answer 14

Mostly contingent responses - one response builds on the other

Few topic changes

Shading - modifying the focus of topic gradually from one topic to another

Question 15

Gender - Boys vs. Girls Elementary Age

Answer 15

Begins in elementary school to reflect differences

Most notable are vocal use and conversation style

More similarities than differences - IMPORTANT - gender diff are largely quantitative rather than qualitative

Question 16

Female Vocab

Answer 16

less cursing + coarse language

use of more descriptive words

more polite terms

use of emotional expressions

Question 17

Male conversation styles

Answer 17

speak more in public than in home

direct

role of information provider

less likely to face conversation partner

eye contact is fleeting

conversation is opportunity for debate or competition

often silent, providing little feedback

topics changed often and rarely involve personal feelings

Question 18

Female convo styles

Answer 18

indirect

seek consensus

more listening

role of facilitator

face conversation partner

finish other’s thoughts

Conversation used as a way to create intimacy

Greater sharing of feelings

use of convo to bond

topics more focused

avoidance of anger and disagreement

ask more questions

relinquish speaking turn more often

Question 19

Genderlect

Answer 19

term for the style characteristics of men and women. Well established by adolescence

Question 20

Conversational differences are due to?

Answer 20

way they were raised

parental speech differs for the sexes:

• daughters more imitated by their moms and talk to more often than sons
• fathers tend to use more imperatives and insulting terms with songs

preschool boys seem to be more aware of differences b/w male and female adults than do girls

Question 21

Boy vs. Girl relationships

Answer 21

Boys:

less talking, more doing

large groups and more hierarchical

action and talking are used to avoid subordination

listening is seen as passive and submissive

Girls:

play in pairs

telling secrets

personal problems shared

Question 22

Semantics in later life

Answer 22

With age, difficulty with retrieval and naming

by 40, significant declines in verbal fluency performance

level of education may give older people an advantage on tasks of verbal fluency

older adults tend to use more indefinite words such as thing or thing a ma bob to account for loss

Question 23

Adolescents and adults use more complex sentences that are characterized by greater number of ?

Answer 23

Sentence forms

Vocab also becomes more complex and varied

Question 24

Syntax + morphology - loss of complex sentence forms and the ability to understand some words due to ?

Answer 24

hearing loss

generation gap differences (vocal)

word finding difficulties