chapter 3: nervous system organization Flashcards
directional terms:
__________ refers to closer to the front of the body, __________ to the rear
__________ refers to the back of the body vs __________ to the front
__________ refers to toward the middle, __________ toward the sides/outward
rostral-caudal (anterior-posterior)
dorsal-ventral (superior-inferior)
medial-lateral (proximal-distal)
define the terms ipsilateral, contralateral, proximal, distal, afferent, efferent, superior, inferior
ipsilateral: same-side structures
contralateral: opposite structures
proximal: close structures
distal: far apart structures
afferent: movement toward cns
efferent: movement away from cns
superior: higher structure
inferior: lower structure
precentral gyrus is an example of a (structural/functional) name, primary motor cortex, or M1, is the corresponding (structural/functional) name
structural, functional
what are the two branches of the pns and their respective branches?
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system:
- sympathetic branch
- parasympathetic branch
what are the three layers of the meninges?
dura mater: tough thicker outer layer
arachnoid mater: weblike structure between layers
pia mater: tough thinner inner layer
which cells regulate the blood-brain barrier by holding blood vessels tightly together?
astroglia
what are the three cerebral arteries and which areas do they circulate
anterior cerebral artery: blood to front part of brain, innervates from central sulcus
middle cerebral artery: wraps around temporal lobes up from middle
posterior cerebral artery: wraps around occipital/parietal lobes from back
what are progenitor cells?
specialized stem cells that either become neuroblasts (and then neurons) or glioblasts (later glial cells)
describe the function of ependymal cells, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendoglial cells, schwann cells
ependymal cell: secrete csf
astrocyte: nutritive, support function
microglial cell: defensive function within CNS (macrophage cannot fit)
oligodendroglial cell: form insulating myelin in CNS
schwann cell: form insulating myelin sheath in PNS, also build hollow pathway to allow neurons to heal
describe the developmental parts of the embryonic spinal cord (and what they develop into)
Prosencephalon (becomes telencephalon and diencephalon) in mammals
mesencephalon (remains, becomes midbrain)
rhombencephalon (forms metencephalon (pons,cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata))
Describe location of the 4 cerebral ventricles
lateral ventricles: contained in telencephalon
third ventricle: at midline of the brain
fourth ventricle: between cerebellum and brainstem
Bell and Magendie’s law dictates that afferent information is received by the (posterior/anterior) root of the spinal cord, efferent by the (posterior/anterior).
posterior, anterior
what are dermatomes?
region of the body innervated by each nerve
e.g. four spinal segments have multiple nerves, dermatome segments innervated accordingly
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
1) Olfactory
2) Optic
3) Oculomotor
4) Trochlear
5) Trigeminal
6) Abducens
7) Facial
8) Auditory Vestibular
9) Glossopharyngeal
10) Vagus
11) Spinal Accessory
12) Hypoglossal
describe the components of the hindbrain
cerebellum: motor control, sensory integration
pons: bridges cerebellum to rest of brain
medulla (oblongata): regulates autonomic function; breathing, heart rate
reticular formation: pons and medulla, projects to cortex; alertness and arousal
describe the components of the midbrain
tectum (roof): posterior aspect, superior colliculi relay visual info, inferior colliculi relay auditory
tegmentum (floor): anterior aspect of midbrain, nuclei involved in motor control (substantia nigra, red nucleus)
describe the components of the diencephalon
hypothalamus: many nuclei influence wide range of behaviours, produce hormones
thalamus: relay centre for info due towards cortex
epithalamus: nuclei found posterior to thalamus
describe the components of the telencephalon
neocortex: 6 layered wrinkly shit
subcortical areas:
- basal ganglia (role in motor control,
learning)
- limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex)
describe the function of the limbic system
amygdala: important in emotion, understanding emotion
hippocampus: important in personal memories, navigation
cingulate cortex: decision making and executive function
describe the components and overall function of the basal ganglia
putamen, caudate nucelus, globus pallidus
integrates sensory information and motor function to produce fluid, skilled movements, important in motor learning
describe the function of the 6 layers of the neocortex
outer layers (I, II, III) receive input from other cortical areas
later IV receives input from sensory systems
layers V and VI sent output to other brain areas or spinal cord (if motor)
