Chapter 3 Lecture

Question 1

Indigenous Ways of Knowing

Answer 1

• There is an overlap between western european science
• Experential & holistic (how do things connect)
• Stories get passed on
• Relations & Context (why?)
• Multiple correct answers (always acknowledge different views & nothing is right)
• Similar measurements

Question 2

3 Claims

Answer 2

• Frequency
• Association
• Causal

Question 3

Frequency Claim

Answer 3

• One Variable measured
• Descriptive Study
• Percentage/ numbers/ amount
• Not relational

Question 4

Association Claim

Answer 4

• Two Measured Variables
• Correlational Study
• Looking at a link between two things

Question 5

Causal Claim

Answer 5

• Two Variables (1 manipulated (causal) and 1 measured (outcome))
• Experimental study
• Causal variable causes outcome variable
• Need 2 levels for variable otherwise it is a constant

Question 6

4 Big Validities

Answer 6

• Construct
• Statistical
• External
• Internal

Question 7

Construct Validity

Answer 7

How well does/do the variable(s) predict what we are interested in? How well were they measured/manipulated?

Question 8

Statistical

Answer 8

• Does the data support the conclusions?
  
  • Strength
  • Statistical Significance
  • Amount of error

Question 9

External Validity

Answer 9

Do the results generalize to some larger populations, and to other times or situations?

Question 10

Internal Validity

Answer 10

Can we say that variable A, rather than some other variable (such as C), is responsible for the effect on B? (no third variable)

Question 11

3 Rules for Causation

Answer 11

• Covariance
• Temporal Precedence
• Internal Validity

Question 12

Covariance

Answer 12

Both variables must be associated/covary; alterations with variable A must change variable B

Question 13

Temporal Precedence

Answer 13

• A comes before B
• In an experiment, manipulating the causal variable ensures that it comes first

Question 14

Internal Validity

Answer 14

• No 3rd (outside) variable, A 100% caused B
• In an experiment, manipulating a variable controls for alternative explanations

Question 15

Random Sampling

Answer 15

• Random population sample
• Drawing a sample using some random method
• Ensures members have an equal chance of being in the sample
• External validity
• Representative of population outside of study

Question 16

Random assignment

Answer 16

• Using of a random method to assign participants into different groups
• Ensures groups have the same kinds of people in them
• Internal validity (any differences are due to chance)
• Randomly assigning people to different random conditions/groups

Question 17

Frequency Claim and Validities

Answer 17

• Construct
• External
• Statistical
• Population studied must be representative of similar population outside

Question 18

Association Claim and Validities

Answer 18

• Construct
• External
• Statistical (Strong/ Satistical Significant Relation)

Question 19

Causal Claim and Validities

Answer 19

• Causal
• External
• Statistical
• Internal (no other outcomes)