Chapter 3: Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Self-Concept

A

The content of the self; that is, our knowledge about who we are

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2
Q

Self-Awareness

A

The act of thinking about ourselves

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3
Q

Independent View of the Self

A

A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s own​ internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people

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4
Q

Interdependent View of the Self

A

A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people; recognizing that one’s behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others

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5
Q

Introspection

A

The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

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6
Q

Self-Awareness Theory

A

The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

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7
Q

Casual Theories

A

Theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from our culture (e.g., “absence makes the heart grow fonder”)

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8
Q

Reasons-Generated Attitude Change

A

Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one’s attitudes; people assume their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize

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9
Q

Self-Perception Theory

A

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

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10
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures

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11
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting

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12
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

The tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons

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13
Q

Task-Contingent Rewards

A

Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done

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14
Q

Performance-Contingent Rewards

A

Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

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15
Q

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it

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16
Q

Misattribution of Arousal

A

The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do

17
Q

Appraisal Theories of Emotion

A

Theories holding that emotions result from people’s interpretations and explanations of events, even in the absence of physiological arousal

18
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

19
Q

Downward Social Comparison

A

Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we on a particular trait or ability

20
Q

Upward Social Comparison

A

Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular trait or ability

21
Q

Impression Management

A

The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen

22
Q

Self-Handicapping

A

The strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves.