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D & D Exam 1 > Chapter 3-Inflammation & Inflammatory Response & Fever > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Inflammation & Inflammatory Response & Fever Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

The automatic response to cell injury that minimizes effects of injury or infection, removes damaged tissue, removes dead tissue and generates new tissue.

The reaction of vascularized tissues to cell injury or death.

Neutralizes harmful agents.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of inflammation?

What are the “cardinal signs/classic signs” of inflammation?

A
  • Rubor (redness) = localized
  • swelling = b/c any time there is cellular injury there is swelling
  • calor (heat)
  • pain/discomfort
  • loss of function
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3
Q

What are the cells that line blood vessels and what do they do?

A

Endothelial cells

Vessel patency (ability to change permeability)
Vasoconstriction/vasodilation
Aid in repair process
Make anti-platelet agents to prevent clotting

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4
Q

What is another name for WBCs and what is their purpose?

A

Leukocytes “the army”

Major players in the inflammatory response

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5
Q

What stage of acute inflammation are WBCs associated with?

A

cellular stage

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6
Q

Describe lymphocytes

A
  • Found in Lymphoid tissue, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland
  • one of the most common WBC
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7
Q

Describe neutrophils

A
  • First to arrive at scene
  • Arrives in greatest numbers
  • Engulfs bacteria and debris to “contain”
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8
Q

Describe eosinophils

A

Have toxic proteins to attack intruders

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9
Q

Describe basophils

A
  • Least common type of WBC

- Stores histamine

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10
Q

Describe monocytes

A
  • Aid in vasodilation and increased permeability of the blood vessels
  • Can turn into macrophages when it becomes highly differentiated
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11
Q

What are mediators?

A

“Trail” for WBCs to follow

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12
Q

What do the mediators histamine and serotonin do?

A
  • They are vasoactive amines
  • Change vascular tone/histamines dilate
  • attract, recruit and redirect immune cells
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13
Q

What are cytokines?

A

-polypeptides
-Colony stimulating factors
Ex: interleukin and interferon

  • Tumor necrosis factor (helps to cause cellular death)
  • Regulate substances that are secreted by the immune cells
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14
Q

What does interleukin do?

A
  • A cytokine made in lymphatic system

- Involves lymph nodes and whole lymphatic response

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15
Q

What does interferon do?

A
  • It’s a cytokine

- It’s a protein which inhibits viral replication

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16
Q

What does Nitric oxide do?

A
  • cell Mediator
  • Keeps clots from forming
  • Relaxes vascular smooth muscle
  • Antagonist of platelet adhesion and aggregation (clotting)
    i. e. keeps clots from forming
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17
Q

What does BradyKinin do?

A
  • cell Mediator

- Causes increased capillary permeability which results in swelling and pain

18
Q

What does platelet activating factor do?

A
  • cell Mediator

- Activates clotting factors

19
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

cell killing

20
Q

What are the 3 distinct steps to phagocytosis?

A
  1. recognizing and adhering to the organism (recognizing it is NOT self, rather foreign to body)
  2. Engulfment if the organism
  3. Enzymes and radicals released to kill the organism
21
Q

When injury first occurs there is a momentary vasodilation followed by vasoconstriction. T/F

A

False

Momentary vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation

22
Q

What occurs in the vascular (hemodynamic) stage of acute inflammation?

A

Arterioles and venules dilate increasing blood flow to injured area resulting in warmth and redness

Capillaries become more permeable allowing exudate to escape into tissues causing swelling and pain (or congestion) and impaired function

Why?
Body is trying to contain and remove the bad agents

23
Q

List the different kinds of exudate.

A 
Serous
Sanguineous
Hemorrhagic
Fibrinous
Purulent
24
Q

Describe serous exudate.

A

Watery like

Clear or pale yellow or transparent

25
Q

Describe sanguineous exudate.

A

fluid with blood in it

26
Q

Describe hemorrhagic exudate.

A

bleeding, clots

27
Q

Describe fibrinous exudate.

A

clots, very strandy

28
Q

Describe purulent exudate.

A

puss like
light brown, yellow
dead leukocytes
protein rich dead leukocytes

29
Q

What are the signs of a systematic manifestation?

A

Pyrexia (fever)
Elevated WBC
Low BP (vasodilation-same amount of fluid going through larger area)

30
Q

What are the differences between acute and chronic inflammation?

A 
ACUTE:
Resolves completely 
Pathogen is gone
No residual S/S
Characterized by lethargy and fever (which will lead to systematic response with in hours)

CHRONIC:
Characterized by lymphocytosis (chronically elevated WBC count) and activated macrophages (defense cells)
Last weeks to months, years, or forever

31
Q

What are some risk factors for chronic inflammation?

A

Syphilis
Lyme disease
hepatitis
obesity

32
Q

What are Inflammatory Mediators?

A

-compounds that start to stimulate the inflammatory process

33
Q

Local Inflammatory Responses lead to…

A

Vascular stage
OR
Cellular stage

34
Q

Systemic Inflammatory Responses lead to…

A

White Blood Cell response
OR
Acute-phase response

35
Q

What do platelets do?

A
  • form clots
  • are activated whenever there is an injury
  • move through the semipermeable membrane to form a clot (scab)
36
Q

What do leukocytes do?

A
  1. Enter the injured area
  2. Express adhesive proteins
  3. Attach to the blood vessel lining
  4. Squeeze between the cells
  5. Follow the inflammatory mediators to the injured area
37
Q

How many days should Vasodilation last after injury?

A

1, into 2

38
Q

How many days should Edema be present after injury?

A

1, into 2

39
Q

How many days should a high level of neutrophils be present after injury?

A

3, into 4 days

40
Q

How many days should a high level of macrophages and monocytes be present after injury?

A

4, into 5 days

41
Q

Pyrexia

A

high unusual fever

42
Q

Defervescence

A

fever is resolved

D & D Exam 1 (5 decks)

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