Chapter 3-Inflammation & Inflammatory Response & Fever Flashcards
What is inflammation?
The automatic response to cell injury that minimizes effects of injury or infection, removes damaged tissue, removes dead tissue and generates new tissue.
The reaction of vascularized tissues to cell injury or death.
Neutralizes harmful agents.
What are the characteristics of inflammation?
What are the “cardinal signs/classic signs” of inflammation?
- Rubor (redness) = localized
- swelling = b/c any time there is cellular injury there is swelling
- calor (heat)
- pain/discomfort
- loss of function
What are the cells that line blood vessels and what do they do?
Endothelial cells
Vessel patency (ability to change permeability)
Vasoconstriction/vasodilation
Aid in repair process
Make anti-platelet agents to prevent clotting
What is another name for WBCs and what is their purpose?
Leukocytes “the army”
Major players in the inflammatory response
What stage of acute inflammation are WBCs associated with?
cellular stage
Describe lymphocytes
- Found in Lymphoid tissue, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland
- one of the most common WBC
Describe neutrophils
- First to arrive at scene
- Arrives in greatest numbers
- Engulfs bacteria and debris to “contain”
Describe eosinophils
Have toxic proteins to attack intruders
Describe basophils
- Least common type of WBC
- Stores histamine
Describe monocytes
- Aid in vasodilation and increased permeability of the blood vessels
- Can turn into macrophages when it becomes highly differentiated
What are mediators?
“Trail” for WBCs to follow
What do the mediators histamine and serotonin do?
- They are vasoactive amines
- Change vascular tone/histamines dilate
- attract, recruit and redirect immune cells
What are cytokines?
-polypeptides
-Colony stimulating factors
Ex: interleukin and interferon
- Tumor necrosis factor (helps to cause cellular death)
- Regulate substances that are secreted by the immune cells
What does interleukin do?
- A cytokine made in lymphatic system
- Involves lymph nodes and whole lymphatic response
What does interferon do?
- It’s a cytokine
- It’s a protein which inhibits viral replication
What does Nitric oxide do?
- cell Mediator
- Keeps clots from forming
- Relaxes vascular smooth muscle
- Antagonist of platelet adhesion and aggregation (clotting)
i. e. keeps clots from forming
What does BradyKinin do?
- cell Mediator
- Causes increased capillary permeability which results in swelling and pain
What does platelet activating factor do?
- cell Mediator
- Activates clotting factors
What is phagocytosis?
cell killing
What are the 3 distinct steps to phagocytosis?
- recognizing and adhering to the organism (recognizing it is NOT self, rather foreign to body)
- Engulfment if the organism
- Enzymes and radicals released to kill the organism
When injury first occurs there is a momentary vasodilation followed by vasoconstriction. T/F
False
Momentary vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
What occurs in the vascular (hemodynamic) stage of acute inflammation?
Arterioles and venules dilate increasing blood flow to injured area resulting in warmth and redness
Capillaries become more permeable allowing exudate to escape into tissues causing swelling and pain (or congestion) and impaired function
Why?
Body is trying to contain and remove the bad agents
List the different kinds of exudate.
Serous Sanguineous Hemorrhagic Fibrinous Purulent
Describe serous exudate.
Watery like
Clear or pale yellow or transparent
Describe sanguineous exudate.
fluid with blood in it
Describe hemorrhagic exudate.
bleeding, clots
Describe fibrinous exudate.
clots, very strandy
Describe purulent exudate.
puss like
light brown, yellow
dead leukocytes
protein rich dead leukocytes
What are the signs of a systematic manifestation?
Pyrexia (fever)
Elevated WBC
Low BP (vasodilation-same amount of fluid going through larger area)
What are the differences between acute and chronic inflammation?
ACUTE: Resolves completely Pathogen is gone No residual S/S Characterized by lethargy and fever (which will lead to systematic response with in hours)
CHRONIC:
Characterized by lymphocytosis (chronically elevated WBC count) and activated macrophages (defense cells)
Last weeks to months, years, or forever
What are some risk factors for chronic inflammation?
Syphilis
Lyme disease
hepatitis
obesity
What are Inflammatory Mediators?
-compounds that start to stimulate the inflammatory process
Local Inflammatory Responses lead to…
Vascular stage
OR
Cellular stage
Systemic Inflammatory Responses lead to…
White Blood Cell response
OR
Acute-phase response
What do platelets do?
- form clots
- are activated whenever there is an injury
- move through the semipermeable membrane to form a clot (scab)
What do leukocytes do?
- Enter the injured area
- Express adhesive proteins
- Attach to the blood vessel lining
- Squeeze between the cells
- Follow the inflammatory mediators to the injured area
How many days should Vasodilation last after injury?
1, into 2
How many days should Edema be present after injury?
1, into 2
How many days should a high level of neutrophils be present after injury?
3, into 4 days
How many days should a high level of macrophages and monocytes be present after injury?
4, into 5 days
Pyrexia
high unusual fever
Defervescence
fever is resolved
