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D & D Exam 1 > Chapter 15-Innate & Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 15-Innate & Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

Protection from infectious disease

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2
Q

Immune response

A

Collective, coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system

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3
Q

Innate immunity

A

“Native”

  • Always present
  • Rapidly attacks non-self microbes
  • recognizes / reacts against specific microbes

Mechanisms include:

  • epithelial barriers
  • phagocytic cells
  • plasma proteins
  • cell messenger molecules
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4
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Help to identify self from abnormal

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

“Acquired” “specific”

Attacks specific microbes with lymphocytes and their products

Develops less quickly, only after exposure to the specific antigen, yet is more efficient
-You have been exposed to the antigen once before but only on the second exposure will you possibly have an issue.
Mechanisms include: (humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity)

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6
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Mechanisms of adaptive

Antibody proteins in the blood that attack the specific antigen

B cells are responsible for humoral immunity

Two types of responses occur in the development of humoral immunity …Primary and secondary

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7
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Mechanism of adaptive

Phagocytic cells that attack the specific antigen

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8
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Moves antigens around by use of chemicals

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9
Q

Opsonization

A

Pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte

“Flag” chemical receptor

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10
Q

Pathogen lysis

A

Destruction, death of pathogen

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11
Q

Effector cells

A

Primary function of eliminating the antigens by

  1. chemotaxis
  2. opsonization
  3. pathogen lysis
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12
Q

Epitopes

A

immunologically active sites in bacteria surfaces
-Have the bacteria, they have active sites, lymphocytes and antibodies recognize those active sites on the bacteria, the lymphocytes can tell that it is bacteria because of these epitopes.

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13
Q

Regulatory cells

A

Assist in orchestrating and controlling the immune response

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14
Q

A vaccination is an example of adaptive immunity?

A

True

Secondary humoral response

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15
Q

Macrophages

A

Mature forms of monocytes

They are in all tissue, circulate in the blood, live long, and engulf and kill microorganisms

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16
Q

Activation of lymphocytes is dependent on processing and presentation of antigens by the …

A

Macrophages

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17
Q

Granulocytes

A

Densely staining granules in the cytoplasm

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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18
Q

Dendritic cells

A

long finger like processes

Found in skin tissue and lymphoid tissue, important for initiation of adaptive immunity

once activated, they migrate to the regional lymph nodes

release many communication molecules directing the immune response

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19
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that induces the formation of antibodies because it is recognized by the immune system as a threat

Bad Guy-Invader

20
Q

lymphocytes

A

Generated from stem cells in the bone marrow

nearly almost all reside in lymph

25% - 35% of blood leukocytes

21
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Mature in the bone marrow

Essential for humoral or antibody mediated immunity

22
Q

T lymphocytes

A

completed its maturation in the thymus and function in the peripheral tissues to produce cell mediated immunity as well as aiding antibody production

23
Q

IgA

A

Primary defense against local infections - mucosal tissues

Prevents the attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial cells

24
Q

IgD

A

Serves as an antigen reception for initiating the differentiation of B cells

25
Q

IgE

A

Involved in inflammation, allergic responses and combating parasitic infections

26
Q

IgG

A

Protects against bacteria, toxins and viruses in body fluid and activates the complement system

27
Q

IgM

A

The first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen

28
Q

Natural killer cells

A
  • First line of defense
  • Effector cells - important in innate immunity
  • Can kill tumor cells, virus infected cells and intracellular matrix
29
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

helps to process any antigens

30
Q

Thymus

A

In the neck region above the heart

Produce T cells

31
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small aggregates of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels throughout the body

Helps to encapsulate antigens

32
Q

Spleen

A

high in the left abdominal cavity

33
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissue

A

Membranes lining the respiratory digestive and urogenital tracts

34
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemicals that control the immune response

Inflammatory mediators, growth factors, cell communication molecules

Once T cells are activated they secrete cytokines

Cytokines activate and regulate nearly all other cells involved in the immune systems response

35
Q

Active immunity

A

Acquired through immunizations or actually having a disease

36
Q

Passive immunity

A

Transferred from another source

Breast milk and placenta and anti-venom

37
Q

Active immunity is achieved much more quickly than passive immunity?

A

False

Active immunity takes longer

Passive immunity gives them an innate immunity

38
Q

What is the primary response development of the humoral immunity?

A

Primary immune response occurs when the antigen is first introduced into the body

As soon as host is exposed, immediate reaction

39
Q

What is the secondary response development of humoral immunity?

A

secondary response occurs on the second or subsequent exposure to the antigen

Exposure to it once at first

Ex: vaccine, allergy shots

40
Q

Describe cell mediated immunity

A

T cells mediate this type of immunity

Provides protection against viruses, intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells

The actions of T cells and effector macrophages predominate

41
Q

What concerns should be noted when dealing with the elderly’s immune systems?

A
  • decreased ability to adapt to environment
  • decreased response to immune system
  • more susceptible to infections
  • more likely to have immune disorders
  • vaccinations are less effective
  • more prone to cancers
42
Q

What do cell messenger molecules do?

A

Get the word out that there is an invader

43
Q

chemotaxis

A

moves the antigen around by the use of chemicals

44
Q

opsonization

A

pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte

45
Q

What are the 3 types of Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

D & D Exam 1 (5 decks)

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