Chapter 15-Innate & Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
Immunity
Protection from infectious disease
Immune response
Collective, coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system
Innate immunity
“Native”
- Always present
- Rapidly attacks non-self microbes
- recognizes / reacts against specific microbes
Mechanisms include:
- epithelial barriers
- phagocytic cells
- plasma proteins
- cell messenger molecules
Plasma proteins
Help to identify self from abnormal
Adaptive immunity
“Acquired” “specific”
Attacks specific microbes with lymphocytes and their products
Develops less quickly, only after exposure to the specific antigen, yet is more efficient
-You have been exposed to the antigen once before but only on the second exposure will you possibly have an issue.
Mechanisms include: (humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity)
What is humoral immunity?
Mechanisms of adaptive
Antibody proteins in the blood that attack the specific antigen
B cells are responsible for humoral immunity
Two types of responses occur in the development of humoral immunity …Primary and secondary
What is cell mediated immunity?
Mechanism of adaptive
Phagocytic cells that attack the specific antigen
Chemotaxis
Moves antigens around by use of chemicals
Opsonization
Pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte
“Flag” chemical receptor
Pathogen lysis
Destruction, death of pathogen
Effector cells
Primary function of eliminating the antigens by
- chemotaxis
- opsonization
- pathogen lysis
Epitopes
immunologically active sites in bacteria surfaces
-Have the bacteria, they have active sites, lymphocytes and antibodies recognize those active sites on the bacteria, the lymphocytes can tell that it is bacteria because of these epitopes.
Regulatory cells
Assist in orchestrating and controlling the immune response
A vaccination is an example of adaptive immunity?
True
Secondary humoral response
Macrophages
Mature forms of monocytes
They are in all tissue, circulate in the blood, live long, and engulf and kill microorganisms
Activation of lymphocytes is dependent on processing and presentation of antigens by the …
Macrophages
Granulocytes
Densely staining granules in the cytoplasm
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Dendritic cells
long finger like processes
Found in skin tissue and lymphoid tissue, important for initiation of adaptive immunity
once activated, they migrate to the regional lymph nodes
release many communication molecules directing the immune response
Antigen
A substance that induces the formation of antibodies because it is recognized by the immune system as a threat
Bad Guy-Invader
lymphocytes
Generated from stem cells in the bone marrow
nearly almost all reside in lymph
25% - 35% of blood leukocytes
B Lymphocytes
Mature in the bone marrow
Essential for humoral or antibody mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
completed its maturation in the thymus and function in the peripheral tissues to produce cell mediated immunity as well as aiding antibody production
IgA
Primary defense against local infections - mucosal tissues
Prevents the attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial cells
IgD
Serves as an antigen reception for initiating the differentiation of B cells
IgE
Involved in inflammation, allergic responses and combating parasitic infections
IgG
Protects against bacteria, toxins and viruses in body fluid and activates the complement system
IgM
The first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen
Natural killer cells
- First line of defense
- Effector cells - important in innate immunity
- Can kill tumor cells, virus infected cells and intracellular matrix
Lymphoid organs
helps to process any antigens
Thymus
In the neck region above the heart
Produce T cells
Lymph nodes
Small aggregates of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels throughout the body
Helps to encapsulate antigens
Spleen
high in the left abdominal cavity
Secondary lymphoid tissue
Membranes lining the respiratory digestive and urogenital tracts
Cytokines
Chemicals that control the immune response
Inflammatory mediators, growth factors, cell communication molecules
Once T cells are activated they secrete cytokines
Cytokines activate and regulate nearly all other cells involved in the immune systems response
Active immunity
Acquired through immunizations or actually having a disease
Passive immunity
Transferred from another source
Breast milk and placenta and anti-venom
Active immunity is achieved much more quickly than passive immunity?
False
Active immunity takes longer
Passive immunity gives them an innate immunity
What is the primary response development of the humoral immunity?
Primary immune response occurs when the antigen is first introduced into the body
As soon as host is exposed, immediate reaction
What is the secondary response development of humoral immunity?
secondary response occurs on the second or subsequent exposure to the antigen
Exposure to it once at first
Ex: vaccine, allergy shots
Describe cell mediated immunity
T cells mediate this type of immunity
Provides protection against viruses, intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells
The actions of T cells and effector macrophages predominate
What concerns should be noted when dealing with the elderly’s immune systems?
- decreased ability to adapt to environment
- decreased response to immune system
- more susceptible to infections
- more likely to have immune disorders
- vaccinations are less effective
- more prone to cancers
What do cell messenger molecules do?
Get the word out that there is an invader
chemotaxis
moves the antigen around by the use of chemicals
opsonization
pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte
What are the 3 types of Granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
