Chapter 2-Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury and Aging

Question 1

Discuss adaptive tissue cell response.

Answer 1

change size and form

do not change their function

Question 2

What is Atrophy?

Answer 2

DECREASE in the size of a tissue organ resulting from a DECREASE in the size of the individual cells or number of cells

Question 3

What is atrophy caused by?

Answer 3

disuse
denervation
loss of endocrine stimulation
ischemia
inadequate nutrition (i.e. diabetes)

Question 4

What is Ischemia?

Answer 4

no blood flow

meaning lack of oxygen

Question 5

What is denervation?

Answer 5

no stimuli going to the cells

no signals being received

Question 6

Discuss Hypertrophy.

Answer 6

• larger cell size and functioning tissue mass
• a result of increased workload
• most common in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue.
• think body builders: they changed the size and shape but they did not change the function
• Can also occur in your cardiac muscle and other organs that have been damaged or in the case of kidney removal, one is gone but the other will grow larger to make up the work.

Question 7

Discuss Adaptive or compensatory Hypertrophy

Answer 7

increase in cell size and an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass

Adaptive = body builders
Compensatory = compensating for a lack of (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy = bad)

Question 8

Discuss hyperplasia.

Answer 8

-Increased number of cells in organ/tissue caused by a stimuli of some sort

Causes:
compensatory
hormonal
pathological

Question 9

Where does hyperplasia occur?

Answer 9

Occurs in cells that have mitotic division:

• epidermis
• intestinal epithelium
• glandular tissue

Question 10

Compensatory hyperplasia

Answer 10

part of the liver is removed so the cells hyperplasia to make up for the part of the liver that has been removed

Question 11

Discuss Metaplasia

Answer 11

• an adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
• occurs in response to chronic irritation/inflammation
• not usually good

*Barret’s Esophogial: the cells in the esophagus are damaged because of the constant stomach acid; the cells are replaced and are more receptive to cancer

Question 12

Discuss dysplasia

Answer 12

• deranged cell growth
• cells will vary in shape, size, and organization
• lead to cancers
• smokers are at high risk
• cervical
• not necessarily reversible

*inability to function like the cells they were originally designed to function as

Question 13

What is the reason for the difference in cell shape, size and number?

Answer 13

Adapting to the constant changes a body goes through regularly

ADAPTATION

Question 14

What will happen if cells do not adapt?

Answer 14

The cells will die if they do not adapt to the changes.

NECROSIS

Question 15

Discuss Intracellular accumulations

Answer 15

-represents the buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or dispose of

• things get stuck in the cells
• sometimes these buildups help in the manifestations of Signs and Symptoms of a particular issue.

Question 16

What are some examples of intracellular accumulations?

Answer 16

• unused food, such as lipids and glycogen
• abnormal proteins
• pigments
• calcium salts

*Jaundice = excess bilirubin built up in the body

Question 17

What are pathologic calcifications?

Answer 17

-abnormal tissue deposits of calcium salts and minerals

Question 18

What are dystrophic calcifications?

Answer 18

• in injured cells
• Artherosclerosis: aorta, large vessels, heart valves
• can cause failure of the organ

Question 19

Atherosclerosis

Answer 19

Dystrophic calcifications in the aorta, large vessels, heart valves

Question 20

What are metastatic calcifications?

Answer 20

• in normal tissues, from elevations in blood calcium levels
• hyperparathyroidism
  (parathyroid: 4 small rice sized nodules = only function is to maintain calcium levels - increased parathyroid function meaning that there is too much calcium being allowed to accumulate)

Question 21

What are some causes of cell injury?

Answer 21

• mechanical (blunt force/hitting into something)
• temperature (frost bite/burns)
• electrical
• radiation (sunburn)
• chemicals (drugs/internal or environmental)
• biological agents (bacteria/virus = replicating and producing more injury to the cells)
• nutritional imbalances (too much in and/or not enough in

Question 22

Causes of cell injury

Answer 22

hypoxic cell injury

ischemic cell injury

Question 23

Hypoxic cell injury

Answer 23

• cell deprived of Oxygen
• Extent of injury depends on needs of the cell and degree of cellular hypoxic
• can occur from inadequate amounts of oxygen or from inability of cells to use oxygen

*sometimes the cells are messed up and don’t know how to use the oxygen and therefore still stay sick (septic cases)

Question 24

Example of hypoxic cell injury

Answer 24

drowning victim

Question 25

Ischemic cell injury

Answer 25

• insufficient blood flow to the cells
• when this occurs there is an increased accumulation of intracellular calcium
• comes from the release of stored calcium from the mitochondria

Question 26

Discuss Ischemic stroke

Answer 26

• blood flow isn’t getting to the brain
• Need to profuse the brain for it to function
• some kind of clot is stuck somewhere in a vessel and blood is just not getting to the brain

Question 27

Mechanisms of Cell Injury

Answer 27

• Depletion of ATP

- Free Radical Formation

Question 28

Depletion of ATP

Answer 28

(Mechanism of Cell Injury)
-Depletion and decreased ATP synthesis are associated with hypoxia and chemical cell injury

-ATP is a coenzyme that helps carry energy to the cells

Question 29

Free Radical Formation

Answer 29

(Mechanism of Cell Injury)
-Uncontrolled free radical production causes damage to cell membranes, cross-linking of cell proteins, inactivation of enzyme systems or damage to nucleic acids

-Free Radicals are unpaired electrons - cause damage by destroying the phospholipids in the membranes

Question 30

Discuss Apoptosis

Answer 30

preprogrammed cellular death

-a highly selective process that eliminates injured and aged cells
-cells are removed and replaced with vital cells
-removes cells that are being replaced or have
worn out”
-removes unwanted tissue
*every cell has a life span
*a healthy, normal process

**sometimes when people get very sick/septic all cells apoptosis at the same time (leukemia - blood cells not forming well in the bone marrow)

Question 31

Discuss NECROSIS

Answer 31

Unregulated death caused by injuries to cells

• cells swell and rupture
• inflammation results
• cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living person
• premature cell death, abnormal, interferes with the normal cycle of cell life

**alcohol and acetopmenophen = damage the liver

Question 32

What can Necrosis lead to?

Answer 32

Gas Gangrene

-will spread and cause more cell damage or death

Question 33

Discuss Gangrene

Answer 33

• life threatening infection
• gas can travel through the body and causes tissue necrosis leading the systemic death
• can come from an impaired arterial blood flow to the tissue (meaning that there is a lack of oxygen)
• frost bite
• diabetes
• poor circulation
• *Arterial flow is impeded and oxygen is not getting to the cells.

Question 34

Discuss Injured cells

Answer 34

• They are dysfunctional
• have impaired flow of substance through their cell membranes as a result of altered permeability
• These cells become swollen as a result of altered cell volume regulation
• They can ultimately rupture and die

Question 35

Discuss Aging

Answer 35

Most theorists believe that cellular aging is related to programmed changes in combination with genetic influences.

Question 36

Necrotic tissue may be reversed using high concentrations of oxygen?

Answer 36

FALSE = necrotic means death - dead, no return.