Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Groups > Chapter 3 - Inclusion And Identity > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Inclusion And Identity Flashcards

1
Q

3 processes that make a group?

A

Inclusion

Collectivism

Identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inclusion

A

Individuals change from outsiders to insiders by joining a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Collectivism

A

Members begin to think about the good of the group as a whole rather than what the group provides them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identity

A

Individuals chhange the conception of who they are to include their groups quality as well as their own individual quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Emotional vs Social Lonliness

A

Emotional lonliness: lack of longterm, meaningful, intimate relationships ie. failed romances

Social lonliness: feel cut off from a network of friends, group members ie. rejected by peers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lonliness is no longer contagious after how many degrees of seperation?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ostracism + Studies of Ostracism

A

Deliberatley ignored and excluded by others

Researchers have studied reactions to ostracism:

  1. Life alone paradigm: get person to take personality test. Let person know, w there personality they’re more likely to be alone
  2. Ball-toss paradigm/cyberball: everyone gets ball passed to. Later, everyone stops passing ball to one person
  3. The exclusion paradigm: gather people together, after 15 min, need to reduce group, ask group members who they want to leave the group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Inclusion-Exclusion Continuum

Also, What is Ambivalence like on the Continuum?

A

When individuals are activley
sought out by groups, group welcomes them, or group allows for u to join they experience maximum inclusion.

The opposite goes for ostrasized

Ambivalence: group neither accepts or rejects individual

Figure 3.1**

(Fun fact: nonhuman groups practicr ostracism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The temporal need-threat model of ostracism

A

Figure 3.2**

Study: liberal college students rejected by ku klux klan. Hated KKK but were still upset when excluded

Reflexive Stage: a flood of negetive feelings from being excluded

Reflective stage: searching for explanation

Resignation stage: never accepted to any group thus alienation, depression, loss of self worth (if ostracism persists over time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fight or flight response to ostracism

A

People who are blindsided by rejection are more likely to fight back. Some people just exit when ostracised

Flight:Emotional numbing, withdrawal is most likely

Fight: force way into group, critiquing others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tend and befriend response

A

Instead of fight or flight, seek social reconnection

More sensitive to social cues , more willing to work hard for group, unconciousally mimic qctions of those around them

Increased nurturing, protectivr and supportive (tending) behaviours

Pro social orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cyberostracism + Describe the study

A

Online ostracism

Same amount of negetive reactions as people in facetoface groups

Study: online discussion form, no response to a group member but kept texting eachother. The excluded one increased messages
(Helped to gain control of situation and buffer from stressful event)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What response to ostracism are men and women likely to display?

A

Women: tend and befriend

Men: fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Antisocial Behavior

A

Angry when excluded
May interpret neutral or acceptingn actions as negative
May feel the entire group ostracised them when only 1-2 people from group did

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tendancy to blame entire group for ostracism

A

Study: college students take noise tolerance test

4 partcipants but only 1 was a subject

Experimenter then says only three ppl are needed so 1 is excluded

Control condition: experimenter did the excluding (group was not to blame)

Exclusion condition: a group member did the excluding

Subject has a chance to harm group by increasing volume. Few did in the control condition, even if the experimenter was in a group. Subjects did turn up volume when they felt it was the group (even though it was a single member of the group)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The herd instinct

A

In groups:
More food gathered
Survellience over group
Bring together men and women for mating

Modern day:
With grocery stores and locks, are groups as needed?
Answer: due to evolution, being in a group is sewed into our DNAS. Genes that promoted solitude died out as less likely to survive in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sociometer Theory

A

Cognitive adaption that monitors your degree of acceptance by others & selfesteem

Dip in self-esteem: characteristics that put them at risk of exclusion

Study: Rejected by peers had low self esteem but rejected by experimenter (random choice) had no effect on selfesteem (slight raise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The biology of Ostracism and Inclusion

A

Feelings of exclusion: cardio vascular, hormonal and immune system. Neurologically similar to physical injury pain

Feelings of inclusion: lowered heart rate and blood pressure. Increase of neuropeptide and oxycotin

Fmri showed dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula were partially active when person excluded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Social and physical pain. Who responds more negatively? What is the study for this?

A

Physical pain feels same as social pain

Individuals sensitive to pain are more likely to respond more negetivley to social pain

Study: placebo or tylenol
Played cyberball while monitored on fmri
Those who took tylenol didnt respond as negetivley when excluded from group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Theory of individualism-collectivism

A

4 core elements:

Social relations
Acceptance of social obligations
Shared goals changes in group members self-conceptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Social Relations

A

Exchange relationship: reciprocal
Monitor inputs and outputs
Strive to maximize their own rewards

Communal relationship:
Reciprical
Meetings the needs and interrsts of others
Take what you need and give what you can
Longrun imbalance is not a violation of the relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Social Obligations - Ultimatum Game

A

Experimental bargaining situation

Allocator proposes a division of a shared resource to other members. If they reject allocators proposal, no one gets the money

Pat says split $20 between 2 ppl

  • generous were the collectivists and those with social connections with others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Social Goals

A

Equity norm: group members should recieve outcomes in proportion to their inputs

Equality norm: all group members, irrespective of their inputs, should be given an equal share of the payoff ie. collectivists in the ultmatium game

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Categories of the Social Self

A

Categories of in the social self

Roles - caregiver
Groups - book club
Categories - alcholic
Relations: friends to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Personal identity

A

Skills, traits, beliefs tbat differientate one person from the next

26
Q

Social identity

A

Traits, beliefs, skills that derive from people and groups

Personal identity is me
Social identity is we

27
Q

Idiocentrics

A

Individualists

28
Q

Attribution to behavior

A

Individualists: attribute behavious to personal characteristics of person

Collectivists: attribute behav to social circumstances. Personality can change from one environment to the next

29
Q

Optimal distinctiveness theory

A

3 fundamental needs:
The need to be assimilated by the group
The need to be connected to friends and loved ones
The need for autonomy and differention

30
Q

Social identity theory

A

Assumes groups influence their members self-concept and self-esteem especially when the individual categorize themselves as group members

i.e. split into meaningless group. People still favored their own group

31
Q

Minimal intergroup situation

A
  • creating temporary groups of unreleated people
  • Even in this case people would favor ingroup more than outgroup.
  • these transform a group membership into an identity

Two cognitive processes occur: social categorization and identification

32
Q

Social Categorization

A

Sterotyping

33
Q

Social identification + Depersonalization

A

When a person identifies with social categories (ie. Indian) and accepts the group as an extension of himself

Depersonalization: self-stereotyping the qualities attributed to one’s group

34
Q

Collective selfesteem inventory

A

Table 3.3

Page 86

35
Q

Collective Selfesteem

A

Self-concept based on membership in social groups

How individuals evaluate the group they are in rather than evaluating themselves

4 basic issues: membership esteem, private collective self esteem, public collective self esteem and importance to identity

36
Q

Basking in reflected glory

A

Stressing association with the successful group, even though they contributed nothing

Ie sports

37
Q

Cutting off reflected failure

A

Casual sports fans that can downplay the loss by switching their allegiance to some other team

Opposite of bask in reflected glory

Distancing oneself from a group that performs poorly

38
Q

Ingroup-outgroup bias

A

View ones ingroup more positively than other groups. Self-esteem is enhanced by this.

39
Q

Social creativity

A

Compare the ingroup to the outgroup

in which the ingroup is more successful, and to avoid making any comparisons in areas in which other groups surpass the ingroup.

Ie. emts get told they performer poorer than the other group. The emts would say well at least we are nicer

stigmatized group reject nonmembers evaluations (i.e. TML fans getting taunted but ignore this)

40
Q

Stereotype verification and threat

A

Women does poorly on test
Gets told sterotype of women doing weakly in math
Women then has higher selfesteem

Social identity(woman) can protect the self(poorly on test), even if the identity is one that includes qualities that are not socially prized

Negative ingroup stereotyping can protect self-worth

41
Q

Sterotype threat

A

Worrying about confirming to stereotypes

Stereotype becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy

42
Q

Individual mobility

A

Reducing ones connection to a group in order to minimize the threat to individual self esteem.

Eg leaving a leas prestigious group for a more prestigious group

Ie resigning
Ditching

43
Q

Self-esteem

A

People can get their self eateem from the collective groups they are in and identify with

So if a person verbally attacks a collective group, the individual can feel it peraonally

Collective self-esteem is a part of the individual selfesteem

44
Q

Baumeister and Leary

A

Need to belong is a basic need

Leary’s sociometer theory: exclusion warns of self-esteem concerns

45
Q

Maslow - What number is belonging and love need on the hierarchy?

A

Belonging and love need is third on the hierarchy

46
Q

Dani’s Story/Girl in the Window - What were the results of her neglect?

A

Brain changes such as lack of empathy

47
Q

Loneliness issues

A

Forced Lonliness

Studies done in various contexts:

  • solitary confinement
  • adventurers that get lost on their own
  • all find negative reactions to isolation

Chosen Lonliness

Studies show a diff. Emotional experience than someone who is excluded

48
Q

What group has the most affiliation?

A

Church

49
Q

Putnam’s Bowling Alone Hypothesis

A

Affiliation patterns are shifting

Eg. Facebook chats rather than face to face meetings

50
Q

Name two types of loneliness?

A

Social loneliness and emotional loneliness

Different groups reduce diff types of loneliness. I.e social loneliness (church), emotional loneliness (partner)

51
Q

Inclusion and survival

A

The evolution of gregariousness (the herd instinct)

Leary’s Sociometer Theory

Neurological reactions to exclusion

52
Q

Inclusion and Survival : evolution of gregariousness

A

There’s a gene for affiliation and a gene for wanting to be alone

People who affiliate and procreate, promote the gene, those who want to be alone slowly die off

53
Q

Inclusion and Survival - Leary’s sociometer theory

A

Selfesteem is not the evaluation of your worth - it’s an indicator of how well you’re accepted in social groups

Self esteem drops when u do things that strain ur Interpersonal relationship or have a risk of exclusion

Self-Esteem Study - experimenter rejects you vs. group members reject you

54
Q

What two identities do individuals have?

A

Social Identity and Personal Identity

55
Q

Brewer’s Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

A

Want to assimilate into a group bur also be distinctive

56
Q

Group Culture

A

-how members of the group represent their experiences, rituals, beliefs, norms, customs

57
Q

Horizontal Cultures - What is Horizontal Collectivist and Vertical Collectivist?

A

Those that minimize distances btwn individuals

Horizontal Collectivist - flatter hierarchy
Vertical Collectivist: hierarchy (in family, in culture, in leadership) i.e. China, India

58
Q

Vertical Cultures - What is Individualistic Horizontal and Individualistic Vertical

A

Individualistic Horizontal: how success is determined is more individually oriented. Not much of a hierarchy. I.e Sweden

Individualistic Vertical: Success determined individually, with a hierarchy America, Germany

59
Q

Harry Triandis - Analyzation of Subcultures

A

Asked people how they view themselves individually and in a group

Results are horizontal cultures and vertical cultures

60
Q

Collective Self-Esteem

A

Person’s overall self-concept is based on membership in a social group.

If group has good status, person may feel high self-esteem. Vice versa.

Groups (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions