Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Groups > Chapter 2 - Studying Groups > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Studying Groups Flashcards

1
Q

How to get people to change their behaviour?

A

Deal with existing web of relationships, rather than isolate them as individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Collective Representations

A

Ideas, beliefs that don’t belong to the individual but instead are a product of social collectivity
Opposite of group fallacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Group Fallacy + What is it the opposite of?

A

Groups are not real entitites
Individuals can think or feel but not groups
Opposite of collective representatitive
Fallacy that group is a whole rather than individual parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Group Mind

A

Collective conciousness
People act diff in groups
Memebers act as if they are one mind but they truly dont sharea single mental state

When asked if group have minds, general people are thought not to have group minds (facebook users), but smaller, cohesive groups (ie. boston red sox) thoight to have group mine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Distance that a dot of light had moved experiment

A

People in the experiment accepted a standard estimate rather than their own judgement
When later given opportunity to make judgement alone, men still did not change their answer from the groups norm

New members who entered also changed his behaviour until it matched the groups norm - therefore the norm exists at the group level rather than individual level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lewin and interactionism

A

Lewin is father of group dynamics

Behaviour is determined by the person and the environment that they are in. Ie. P could be extroversion but depending on the E the person may be quiet or loud

Field Theory Formula: b=f(P,E)

B: behaviour
F: function
P: personal characteristics
E: environment (include features of the group, group members, situation)

Individuals merge, something new is created

Group is more than the sum of individual members (gestalt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Multilevel Perspective

A

Examining group behaviour from different levels:

Micro: research, actions of individual members

Meso: group level factors. Looking at cohesiveness, norms, roles, etc.

Macro: large group qualities such as observing communities and societies

Interdisciplinary perspective: bringing these perspectives together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the different types of observation?

A

Overt: no attempt to hide that you are observing

Covert: record group activity without them knowing

Partcipant observation: watching and recording group as a membership

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reactivity and Hawthorne Effect

A

People act differently when they know they are being observed

Western electric company
ALL Changes led to improved worker output
Figured that bright and dim lights cant both create a positive change thus
Worked harder because being observed

That’s why many use covert observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How to structure Observations?

A

Qualitative study

Quantitive study:
Classify behaviour into a definable category
Code the categories
Specify what each behaviour will look like
Track the frequency of the occursncrs

Coding systems for studying groups:
IPA: interaction process analysis, classifies observed behav into 1 of 12 categories ie. shows solidarity
SYMLOG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

IPA: interaction process analysis for observation

A

Robert Bales - interaction process analysis

Coding system for qualitative research

Emotional areas positive and negetive
task areas attempt to answer and asking questions to others

idea is that observer should know these types of actions and be aware when they occur

New model is for groups: SYMLOG - systematic multiplelevel observation of group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Realiability and validity of observations

A

Reliability: a measures consistancy

Interrater reliability: consistancy across raters

Validity: technique measures what it is suppose to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reliability

A

Consistancy with results/test scores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

Consistant no matter who the rater is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Validity

A

Technique measures what it is suppose to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sociometry

A

Moreno

Measuring the relations between group members and summarizing the relationships geographically
Ie. women in cottage dispute. Change location of individuals with those they get a long with

Then placed into sociogram

Self-report measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sociogram

A

Diagram of the relationships between group members

Figure 2.4

18
Q

Social Network Analysis

A

Sociometry was the earlier form

Producdure to study:
Relational structure of group (ties)
Linking members (nodes)
Centrality
Betweenness
Cohesiveness 
Cliques
Hierachies

Graphic representation
Able to do large groups like Facebook

19
Q

Research methods in group dynamics

A

Case studies: best way to understand a group

Correlational studies: Newcombe Bennington study of high school political views. Conservative to liberal

Experimental studies: leadership study- democratic vs. Authoritarian leader

Expressed in correlational coefficients: - + 0

20
Q

Bona fide groups

A

Naturally occuring groups

Eg. Audiences

Opposite of ad hoc groups: created for research purposes

21
Q

Reference Group

A

A group that provides the guidelines to individuals for evaluating themselves, their attudes, their beliefs.

Ie. the popular kids shape freshman

Families serve as a reference group in childs younger years

22
Q

Correlation coefficients

A

Measures strength and direction of the relationships among variables

0: variables are unrelated
+
- : draw graph

23
Q

What is one of the first experimental studies of groups?

A

Differing styles of leadership

Adults were autocractic, democracti, or laissez-faire

Measured group productivity and aggressiveness of boys who has each leader

Autocractic spent more time working

24
Q

Independent Variable

A

Can manipulate

25
Q

What is the best research method?

A

Combination of them

26
Q

What are the perspectives for group dynamics?

A 
Motivational perspective
Behavioural
Systems
Cognitive
Biological
27
Q

Motivational perspective

A

Groups fulfill motivations of people such as the hierachy of needs

28
Q

Behavioural perspective

A

Skinner

drives may shape peoples reactions in groups.

Measure how person behaves in context rather than psychological process that instigated their actions

Law of effect: positive reinforcement continues behav and negetive reinforcement extinguishes behaviour

Social exchange theory: individuals seek out relationships that offer them many rewards while extracting a few costs
Satisfaction level
Quality of alternatives
Investment size

29
Q

Systems Perspective

A

Systems theory: members are the units of the system
Interreleated
Interchangeable

Input-process-output model:
Inputs(raw material) are transformed by internal system processes to generate output(results)
Ie. input individuals skills and output performance

30
Q

Cognitive perspective + Group Referent Effect

A

How members gather information
How members make sense of info

Group referent effect: social comparisons (about self and others) with a reference group

31
Q

Self-reference effect

A

Tendancy for people to have better memories for events that they are personally connected to in some way

32
Q

Group-reference effect

A

The tendancy for group members to have better memories for events that are related to their group

33
Q

Biological Perspectives

A

Threat/challenge model:
Biopsychosocial model
Groups that feel their work is challenging respond differently physiologically than groups that feel threatened by complex tasks
CO (cardiac output) increase for those who feel challenge rather than threat

Testosterone effects group and who may be leader

Brain feels emotional pain, rejection

34
Q

Objectivity in Research

A

Hypothesis
Research procedure
Reliable and valid measurement

35
Q

Field theory

A

Lewin
B=f(P,E)

Wanted to apply his research**

Action research: theory -> research -> apply -> info. from application -> theory -> research..

Brought a systematic approach to the field: studying group formation, cohesion, structure, influence, etc.

36
Q

Internal Consistency + Item-Total Correlations

A

Questions on test should be connected/consistant

Eg. Exam on memory shouldn’t have questions about carrots

Item-total correlations: the correlation/consistency of the item with the others items on a test

37
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

between scores of two administrations across time

Looking if the reliability changes overtime

People mature, change, die

38
Q

Predictive Validity

A

scores are related to some future outcome

Ie. high scores on SAT are positively correlated with high GPA

39
Q

Relationship between reliability and validity

A

Tests that are reliable are not necessarily valid or predictive

But if the reliability of a psychological measure increases, the validity is also expected to increase

You need both validity and reliability

If there is ambiguous words on a test, it is not valid (Oprah quiz on happiness)

40
Q

Measurements

A

Observation: covert, overt, participant in group

Self report

41
Q

Research methods

A

Case studies
Experiments
Correlational studies

42
Q

Theoretical Perspectives

A 
Motivation
Behavioural
Systems
Cognitive
Biological

Groups (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions