Chapter 3 Human Anatomy

Question 1

4 Ways To Study Brain Functioning

Answer 1

1. Examine the effects of brain damage (how does someone with a left temporal stroke act?)
2. Examine the effects of stimulating some part of the brain (what happens if I put some electricity in the amygdala?)
3. During some kind of behavior, record what happens in the brain (hook someone up to an EEG while they are sleeping)

4.Correlate brain anatomy with behavior (compare ADHD kids’ brains with non-ADHD kids)

Question 2

What Causes Brain Damage?

Answer 2

Stroke, disease, genetic impairments, toxins, nutritional deficiencies

Question 3

How do you tell what area of the brain was damaged?

Answer 3

Post-mortem autopsy or through brain scan techniques if living

Question 4

Intentional brain damage in animals

Answer 4

• electrodes or chemicals used to damage specific area
• but, brain damage may not solely produce behavior; impairment may be due to many factors

Question 5

Structural Imaging (MRI)

Answer 5

• A Still photograph, a moment in time
• Considered safer
• fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) detects release of oxygen in active cell without radioactivity- replaces PET and rCBF

Question 6

Functional Imaging (PET Scan)

Answer 6

• Gives information about what the brain is doing
• Uses color to do so
• PET (positron emission tomography) makes glucose radioactive. When an area of a brain is really active, it uses up a lot of glucose, so you can see which areas are absorbing it the fastest

Question 7

Recording Brain Activity

Answer 7

• identifies area of brain associated with behavior

Question 8

CBF or rCBF

Answer 8

• (regional cerebral blood flow) measures increased blood flow by monitoring inert radioactive chemicals (active areas receive more blood)

Question 9

Sympathetic

Answer 9

• arousal, “fight or flight”, expends energy during an emergency
• prepares the body for arousal, fight or flight
  increased breathing, increased heart rate, decreased digestive activity
• axons of this system typically release norepinephrine, which is aka noradrenaline (adrenaline – what does that do?)

Question 10

Parasympathetic

Answer 10

• “relax and digest”, conserves energy during non-emergency times
• increases digestive activity, activities opposing sympathetic system
• Axons of this system typically release acetylcholine

Question 11

Central Nervous System

Answer 11

The brain and the spinal cord

Question 12

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 12

the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Has 2 parts:

Question 13

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 13

the nerves that convey messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles

Question 14

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 14

a set of neurons that control involuntary muscles (heart, intestines, and other organs)

Question 15

Anatomical Terms

Answer 15

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Question 16

Ventral

Answer 16

Toward the stomach

Question 17

Dorsal

Answer 17

Toward the back

Question 18

Lateral

Answer 18

away from the spinal cord (to the side)

Question 19

Medial

Answer 19

toward the middle close to the spinal cord

Question 20

Anterior

Answer 20

toward the front (think of how your nose sticks out in front of you, that type of front)

Question 21

Posterior

Answer 21

toward the back (backside)

Question 22

Superior

Answer 22

above

Question 23

Inferior

Answer 23

below

Question 24

Ipsilateral

Answer 24

On the same side

Question 25

Contralateral

Answer 25

on opposite sides

Question 26

Coronal cut

Answer 26

Cut the face side off

Question 27

Sagittal cut

Answer 27

Cut right down the nose and looking at the brain from the side

Question 28

Horizontal/Transverse Cut

Answer 28

Exactly what it sounds like

Question 29

Bell-Magendie Law

Answer 29

Dorsal roots - carry sensory information to the brain; they are afferent to the brain

Ventral roots - carry motor information to the muscles and glands; they are efferent to the brain

A root - is a bundle of axons

Question 30

Dorsal root ganglia

Answer 30

• clusters of somata outside, but near, the spinal cord on the dorsal roots carrying sensory information
• Motor neuron somata are located inside the spinal cord
• Cut the spinal cord and brain loses motor control over and sensation from parts of body served by that segment and below

Question 31

Grey Matter

Answer 31

• In the spinal cord grey matter is on the inside
• In the brain grey matter is on the outside
• A cluster of soma and dendrites

Question 32

White Matter

Answer 32

• In the spinal cord white matter is on the outside
• In the brain white matter is on the inside
• A cluster of myelinated axons which are white in color

Question 33

Central Canal

Answer 33

• A narrow tube that runs the length of the spinal cord
• Filled with cerebral spinal fluid

Question 34

Layers of Protection [placeholder]

Answer 34

.

Question 35

Bone

Answer 35

Outtermost layer

Question 36

Fat tissue

Answer 36

Inside bone layer

Question 37

3 meninges

Answer 37

Inside of the fat

• Dura mater - the outermost layer and the toughest layer
• Arachnoid membrane - layer #2, spider webby
• Pia mater - Thin and delicate and clings to every surface

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) - (Between all of those layers fluid is in everything)

Also covers your brain

Question 38

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

Answer 38

Fills the spaces between the meninges

• fills the central canal
• Fills the ventricles, four fluid-filled cavities within the brain

Question 39

Job of CSF

Answer 39

• To cushion the brain and also to provide buoyancy – the brain is heavy. Without the CSF the top of the brain would put too much pressure on the bottom of the brain and damage it.
• If the flow of CSF gets blocked, the fluid, which is continuously produced, builds up and puts tremendous pressure on the brain. It can be fatal. In kids, whose bones are more malleable, it can cause the skull bones to spread = hydrocephalus, which usually leads to MR