Ch 11 part 2 Flashcards
Second Part of James-Lange Theory
- Not only does the physiological come first, but what your body is doing tells your body how to feel
- So not only does the physio part come first, it also tells you how to feel
- Unlikely for mild emotions like mild fear, anger and happiness
- But for more severe emotions
- Panic disorder is marked by extreme SNS arousal and consequent identification of the feeling of fear
- stimulation of prefrontal cortex in a surgery patient induced laughter and reason for laughter
Brain Areas Associated with Emotion [placeholder]
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Amygdala
Very important for emotion
Limbic system
All these parts are associated with emotion
forebrain areas that form a border around the brain stem, are critical for emotions (especially amygdala)
Cingulate Cortex
- People who have damage here don’t get tense or angry anymore
- This makes you tense and angry
Hypothalamus
The 4 F’s
Somatosensory Cortex
- Not in limbic system
- Sense of touch linked to emotion
Medial Frontal Cortex
- Not in limbic system
- When people have damage here they have a hard time identifying angry facial expressions
Insular Cortex
- People who have damage here don’t experience disgust or recognize events that trigger disgust, e.g, nausea, sounds of someone vomiting, etc.
- Responsible for disgust
Right Hemisphere
- the right seems to be more emotional than the left hemisphere especially when we have more negative emotions
- especially activated by unpleasant emotions
- inactivate and people do not experience strong emotions and can’t remember feeling them
- crying or laughter activates the right amygdala
- noting emotional expression in other people’s faces activates your right temporal cortex
- left hemisphere damage allows the right to better detect emotional expressions (you actually appear to be more sensitive to emotions)
Stress and Health [placeholder]
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Stress
- When your body is responding to any type of demand
- Can be physical psychological or both
- Two types of stress, distress, and eustress
- The greatest stressors are unpleasant stress
- Stress activates the stress activates the ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
- ANS reacts first
Psychosomatic illnesses
- are physiological illnesses influenced by personality, emotions, or experiences
- This does not make a psychsomatic illness imaginary!
- In fact, most illnesses do have a psychsomatic component
- Common cold, cancer, AIDS
Stress Activates the ANS and the HPA Axis
The ANS reacts quickly to acute stressors and activates the SNS
- HPA Axis is slower to respond
Release of CRF from hypothalamus causes release of ACTH from pituitary and release of cortisol from adrenal cortex
cortisol elevates blood sugar and enhances metabolism – good in proper amounts
Brief activation of SNS or HPA strengthens immune system
- But, chronic stress results in high cortisol levels which can be harmful to the immune system
- Cortisol is not bad for you. Too much cortisol is bad for you
- Cortisol helps your body get ready to fight or to flee
- Cortisol strengthens the immune system
- Corticotropin Releasing Factor
ACTH (Adrenalcorticaltropin)
Stress and Health Cont… (Info Dump)
- 1950s – psychologists found 1st evidence that stress can lead to ulcers
- yoked rats: rat who could run in wheel to avoid shocks when he heard a warning tone developed fewer ulcers than rat who had no control
—> no ulcers in any rat if prefrontal cortex was damaged, perhaps due to reduced emotional reaction
- They gave the rates with the the wheel hope…(locus of control). Hope is a protective factor against degeneration
Stress and Health conti. (Part 2) {info dump}
- Ulcer caused by PNS (Parasympathetic Nervous System) rebound during rest period between shock trials
- PNS rebound is when the PNS is overshooting
—> During stress stomach secretions are inhibited (why?)
—> After stress, a greater than normal amount of stomach secretions occur due to a rebound effect
—> in absence of food, the lining of stomach is attacked by so much stomach acid and it causes an ulcer
Stress and Health cont. (Part 3) {info dump}
Heart disease
- Anger reduces blood flow to your heart which causes a heart attack (type A personality)
- facial expressions of anger produce inadequate blood flow to heart, a precursor to serious heart attacks
Social support correlated with better health
- keeps heart rate and blood pressure low
- people in successful marriages tend to be healthier
—> stronger for men, perhaps because women tend to find support from friends more often than men
Voodoo Death {info dump}
- Documented deaths when healthy person believes a curse has been put on them and they will die
- Similarly, we’ve known people who “held on” to see a grandchild born, and those who “give up” and die
-> may be due to SNS response followed by PNS (Parasympathetic Nervous System) rebound
—> Richter (1957): combination of whisker trim and having to swim led to heart stoppage in rat within a minute or so from apparent massive PNS rebound response to strong SNS activation (heart stopped!)
—> but rat who has been rescued from water several times before trim survived for several hours
- However, most human heart attacks are due to SNS disruption of normal beating of heart, not rebound PNS
What is the Immune System? [placeholder]
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Leukocytes
- Aka white blood cells protect body against intruders (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, etc.)
—> if too weak, viruses and bacteria create damage
—> if too strong, we have autoimmune disease where immune system cells attack normal cells
- Leukocytes (white blood cells) patrol blood and other fluids killing antigens (surface proteins on viruses, bacteria, organ transplants and other intruders)
Antigens
surface proteins on viruses, bacteria, organ transplants and other intruders
What is the Immune System? cont. [placeholder]
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