Chapter 3 Grammar

Question 1

Second Declension Nouns: two types of masc.

Answer 1

1. -us
   
   • amīcus, amīcī (amīc-)
2. -er
   
   • puer, puerī (puer-)
   • ager, agrī (agr-)

Question 2

Second Declension Nouns: Masc. Endings

Answer 2

Singular:

• Nom. amīcus | puer | ager
• Gen. amīcī | puerī | agrī
• Dat. amīcō | puerō | agrō
• Acc. amīcum | puerum | agrum
• (Abl.) amīcī | puerī | agrī
• (Voc.) amīce | puer | ager

Plural:

• Nom. amīcī | puerī | agrī
• Gen. amīcōrum | puerōrum | agrōrum
• Dat. amīcīs | puerīs | agerīs
• Acc. amīcōs | puerōs | agrōs
• (Abl.) amīcīs | puerīs | agrīs
• (Voc.) amīcī | puerī | agrī

Question 3

Tricky Agreements

(b/w noun & adj.)

Answer 3

• ager magnus (nom. singular)
• puer magne (vocative singular)
• agricola Rōmānus
  
  • agricola = 1st declension, but masculine (nominative)
  • Rōmānus (adjective) must be nom. masc. singular
• agricolae (sg. gen.) Rōmānī (sg. gen.)
• agricolārum (pl. gen.) Rōmānōrum (pl. gen.)

Question 4

Tricky Vocative:

when does the vocative ever differ from the nominative in spelling?

Answer 4

1. singular nouns of adjectives…
2. …of the second declension…
3. …ending in -us

Examples:

• amīcus, amīce (pl. amīcī, amīcī)
• but: puer (nom. sg.) = puer (voc. sg.​)
• but: ager (nom. sg.) = ager (voc. sg.)

Note also:

• nouns ending in -ius (and pronoun meus) have a single -ī in the vocative singular

Question 5

Rules of Apposition

Answer 5

• a noun next to another noun, as an explanatory equivalent
• usually separated by commas
• always agree in case
• usually agree in number & gender

Question 6

Typical Word Order

Answer 6

1. subject (+ modifiers)
2. I.O. (+ modifiers)
3. D.O. (+ modifiers)
4. adverbial words or phrases
5. verb