Chapter 1 Grammar

Question 1

Verb Personal Endings

Answer 1

• -o or -m (laudō)
• -s (laudās)
• -t (laudat)
• -mus (laudāmus)
• -tis (laudātis)
• -nt (laudant)

Question 2

Present Verbs: First and Second Conjugation

(4 conjugations total)

Answer 2

• to find the present stem, drop the -re from inf. form

First Conjugation:

• stem vowel = ā (laudā-re)

Second Conjugation:

• stem vowel = ē (monē-re)

Question 3

Present Active Indicative of laudāre

Answer 3

• laudō
• laudās
• laudat
• laudāmus
• laudātis
• laudant

Question 4

Present Active Indicative of monēre

Answer 4

• moneō
• monēs
• monet
• monēmus
• monētis
• monent

Question 5

3 Possible Translations for Present Active Indicative

Answer 5

laudāre

1. simple present: they praise me
2. progressive present: they are praising me
3. emphatic present: they do praise me

Question 6

Disappearing Macron Rule:

Answer 6

vowels normally long are regular shortened when they occur:

1. immediately before another vowel (monēre: *monēō -> moneō)
2. before -m, -r, or -t at the end of a word (laudāre: *laudāt -> laudat)
3. before -nt or -nd in any position (laudāre: *laudānt -> laudant)

NOTE: first conjugation (-ā) verbs stem vowel disappears entirely (not just shortned): *laudāō->laudō

Question 7

Long Syllables

(two kinds)

Answer 7

long by nature:

• contains a vowel or dipthong
• lau-dō
• sae-pe

long by position:

• a short vowel followed by 2 or more consonants
  
  • x = 2 consonants (k+s)
• ser-vat
• sa-pi-_en_-tia
• ax-is

Question 8

Present Active Imperative

Answer 8

• 2nd Singular: identical to present stem
  
  • laudāre -> laudā!
  • monēre -> monē!
• 2nd Plural: [present stem] + te
  
  • laudāre -> laudā + te -> laudāte!
  • monēre -> monē + te -> monēte!

Question 9

Verbs and Agreement

Answer 9

a verb must agree with its subject in person and number