Chapter 3: Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Neonate

Question 1

A description of all of a human’s genetic material

Answer 1

Human Genome

Question 2

Mendel’s law stating that for each inherited trait there are two elements of heredity that segregate clearly during reproduction so that an offspring receives either one element or another, never some blend of both

Answer 2

Law of Segregation

Question 3

Mendel’s law stating that different traits are inherited independently, so that the inheritance of one trait does not affect inheritance of another

Answer 3

Law of Independent Assortment

Question 4

The rod-shaped strands of DNA found in the nucleus of cells that contain genetic information

Answer 4

Chromosomes

Question 5

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the self-replicating molecule of which chromosomes are made

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

The basic unit of heredity; segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein

Answer 6

Gene

Question 7

Traits that are influenced by only a single pair of genes

Answer 7

Monogenic Inheritance

Question 8

Different version of the same gene

Answer 8

Alleles

Question 9

An individual’s entire genetic endowment (NN, Nr, rr)

I.E. If he or she has two genes, one from mother and one from father

Answer 9

Genotype

Question 10

The actual expression of a genetic trait (What the physical appearance is going to be)
I.E. Genes associated with red hair are recessive, so that the only way someone can have red hair is if she has two recessive genes

Answer 10

Phenotype

Question 11

A disease associated with two recessive genes that cause malformations of the red blood cells; however, carriers of a single recessive gene have heightened resistance to malaria

Answer 11

Sickle-Cell Anemia

Question 12

Inherited traits that are determined by multiple genes

Answer 12

Polygenic Inheritance

Question 13

All of the possible phenotypes that could result from a single genotype, given all of the possible environments an organism could be exposed to

Answer 13

Norm of Reaction

Question 14

The type of cell division that occurs when sperm and ova are being formed, resulting in half the number of chromosomes in each gamete compared to body cells

Answer 14

Meiosis

Question 15

A process of genetic exchange that occurs during meiosis, when two corresponding chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA

Answer 15

Crossing Over

Question 16

Chromosome pairs 1 through 22

Answer 16

Autosomes

Question 17

In humans, the 23rd chromosome pair that determines gender

Answer 17

Sex Chromosomes

Question 18

Recessive traits that are inherited by way of a single gene on the sex chromosomes, usually the X chromosome; also called X-linked inheritance

Answer 18

Sex-linked Inheritance

Question 19

Chromosome abnormality, in which individual has an extra 21st chromosome; also known as trisomy 21

Answer 19

Down Syndrome

Question 20

A chromosomal disorder in females in which one X chromosome is missing, resulting in a total complement of only 45 chromosomes

Answer 20

Turner Syndrome

Question 21

Discipline that focus on the study of genetic effects on behavior

Answer 21

Behavioral Genetics

Question 22

The probability that one member of a pair of individuals (fraternal of identical twins) will display a trait possessed by the other member

Answer 22

Concordance Rates

Question 23

The extent to which differences in any trait within a population can be attributed to inheritance

Answer 23

Heritability

Question 24

An environment shared by different family members (for example, two siblings)

Answer 24

Shared Environment

Question 25

An environment that is unique to an individual, not shared by a sibling

Answer 25

Nonshared Environment

Question 26

Scarr and McCartney's theory that one's genotype (genetic constitution) influences which environments one encounters and the type of experiences one has, or that genes drive experience Have three types:

Answer 26

Genotype > Environment Theory 1. Passive: Genetically parents provide rearing environment of the child the recipient of both the genes and environment 2. Evocative: Characteristics of children to recall responses from other people 3. Active: When a child's genotype influences the type of environments he or she chooses to experience (They seek someone who has the same interests as them)

Question 27

The tubes through which mature ova travel from the ovaries to the uterus, and where conception takes place

Answer 27

Fallopian Tubes

Question 28

The 38 weeks the embryo/fetus spends developing inside the mother's reproductive system, beginning at conception and ending at birth

Answer 28

Prenatal Period

Question 29

Earliest phase of prenatal development, beginning when the ovum is penetrated by a sperm in the fallopian tube and starts its journey, as a zygote, down to the uterus

Answer 29

Germinal Phase

Question 30

The single-celled organism formed from the union of egg and sperm at the earliest phase of prenatal development

Answer 30

Zygote

Question 31

Early stage in prenatal development, in which the zygote begins dividing and forms into a hollow sphere

Answer 31

Blastocyst

Question 32

The prenatal period from approximately 2 to 8 weeks after conception, during which organs are formed and begin to function

Answer 32

Embryonic Phase

Question 33

The organ along the uterine wall of a pregnant woman that serves as the transport system between mother and fetus

Answer 33

Placenta

Question 34

The prenatal period from approximately 8 weeks after conception to birth

Answer 34

Fetal Phase

Question 35

The head-to-foot sequence of physical growth

Answer 35

Cephalocaudal Development

Question 36

External agents, such as drugs and radiation, that can have harmful effects on a developing embryo or fetus

Answer 36

Teratogens

Question 37

Syndrome characterized by a set of symptoms that occur in children's as a result of alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy, including physical abnormalities and intellectual deficits

Answer 37

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Question 38

Mismatch between the mother's and the fetus's RH type (a blood protein). Namely if Rh of the fetus is positive, and Rh of its mother is negative, complications can occur because of the production of antibodies in the mother that can attack red blood cells in the fetus

Answer 38

Rh Factor Incompatibility

Question 39

Technologies, most including in vitro fertilization, that facilitate couples to become parents

Answer 39

Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART)

Question 40

Fertilization of the egg by the sperm outside of the woman's body

Answer 40

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Question 41

Delivery of a baby through a surgical incision in the abdomen

Answer 41

Cesarean Section (C-Section)

Question 42

Method of labor and childbirth that dos not involve anesthetics, in which a woman and her partner/coach receive education in areas such as relaxation and breathing

Answer 42

Natural (Prepared) Childbirth

Question 43

A mother's strong feelings of sadness or resentment shortly after giving birth

Answer 43

Postpartum Depression

Question 44

An infant from birth through the first month of life

Answer 44

Neonate

Question 45

A test that evaluates a baby's biological fitness at birth

Answer 45

Apgar scale

Question 46

A practice that has been found to improve premature infants' development, consisting of putting them between the mother's breasts to facilitate nursing and to keep the baby warm

Answer 46

Kangaroo Care

Question 47

The death of a seemingly healthy infant during sleep for no apparent reason during the first year of life

Answer 47

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)