Chapter 3: Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Neonate Flashcards
A description of all of a human’s genetic material
Human Genome
Mendel’s law stating that for each inherited trait there are two elements of heredity that segregate clearly during reproduction so that an offspring receives either one element or another, never some blend of both
Law of Segregation
Mendel’s law stating that different traits are inherited independently, so that the inheritance of one trait does not affect inheritance of another
Law of Independent Assortment
The rod-shaped strands of DNA found in the nucleus of cells that contain genetic information
Chromosomes
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the self-replicating molecule of which chromosomes are made
DNA
The basic unit of heredity; segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein
Gene
Traits that are influenced by only a single pair of genes
Monogenic Inheritance
Different version of the same gene
Alleles
An individual’s entire genetic endowment (NN, Nr, rr)
I.E. If he or she has two genes, one from mother and one from father
Genotype
The actual expression of a genetic trait (What the physical appearance is going to be)
I.E. Genes associated with red hair are recessive, so that the only way someone can have red hair is if she has two recessive genes
Phenotype
A disease associated with two recessive genes that cause malformations of the red blood cells; however, carriers of a single recessive gene have heightened resistance to malaria
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Inherited traits that are determined by multiple genes
Polygenic Inheritance
All of the possible phenotypes that could result from a single genotype, given all of the possible environments an organism could be exposed to
Norm of Reaction
The type of cell division that occurs when sperm and ova are being formed, resulting in half the number of chromosomes in each gamete compared to body cells
Meiosis
A process of genetic exchange that occurs during meiosis, when two corresponding chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA
Crossing Over
Chromosome pairs 1 through 22
Autosomes
In humans, the 23rd chromosome pair that determines gender
Sex Chromosomes
Recessive traits that are inherited by way of a single gene on the sex chromosomes, usually the X chromosome; also called X-linked inheritance
Sex-linked Inheritance
Chromosome abnormality, in which individual has an extra 21st chromosome; also known as trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder in females in which one X chromosome is missing, resulting in a total complement of only 45 chromosomes
Turner Syndrome
Discipline that focus on the study of genetic effects on behavior
Behavioral Genetics
The probability that one member of a pair of individuals (fraternal of identical twins) will display a trait possessed by the other member
Concordance Rates
The extent to which differences in any trait within a population can be attributed to inheritance
Heritability
An environment shared by different family members (for example, two siblings)
Shared Environment
An environment that is unique to an individual, not shared by a sibling
Nonshared Environment
Scarr and McCartney’s theory that one’s genotype (genetic constitution) influences which environments one encounters and the type of experiences one has, or that genes drive experience
Have three types:
Genotype > Environment Theory
- Passive: Genetically parents provide rearing environment of the child the recipient of both the genes and environment
- Evocative: Characteristics of children to recall responses from other people
- Active: When a child’s genotype influences the type of environments he or she chooses to experience (They seek someone who has the same interests as them)
The tubes through which mature ova travel from the ovaries to the uterus, and where conception takes place
Fallopian Tubes
The 38 weeks the embryo/fetus spends developing inside the mother’s reproductive system, beginning at conception and ending at birth
Prenatal Period
Earliest phase of prenatal development, beginning when the ovum is penetrated by a sperm in the fallopian tube and starts its journey, as a zygote, down to the uterus
Germinal Phase
The single-celled organism formed from the union of egg and sperm at the earliest phase of prenatal development
Zygote
Early stage in prenatal development, in which the zygote begins dividing and forms into a hollow sphere
Blastocyst
The prenatal period from approximately 2 to 8 weeks after conception, during which organs are formed and begin to function
Embryonic Phase
The organ along the uterine wall of a pregnant woman that serves as the transport system between mother and fetus
Placenta
The prenatal period from approximately 8 weeks after conception to birth
Fetal Phase
The head-to-foot sequence of physical growth
Cephalocaudal Development
External agents, such as drugs and radiation, that can have harmful effects on a developing embryo or fetus
Teratogens
Syndrome characterized by a set of symptoms that occur in children’s as a result of alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy, including physical abnormalities and intellectual deficits
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Mismatch between the mother’s and the fetus’s RH type (a blood protein). Namely if Rh of the fetus is positive, and Rh of its mother is negative, complications can occur because of the production of antibodies in the mother that can attack red blood cells in the fetus
Rh Factor Incompatibility
Technologies, most including in vitro fertilization, that facilitate couples to become parents
Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART)
Fertilization of the egg by the sperm outside of the woman’s body
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Delivery of a baby through a surgical incision in the abdomen
Cesarean Section (C-Section)
Method of labor and childbirth that dos not involve anesthetics, in which a woman and her partner/coach receive education in areas such as relaxation and breathing
Natural (Prepared) Childbirth
A mother’s strong feelings of sadness or resentment shortly after giving birth
Postpartum Depression
An infant from birth through the first month of life
Neonate
A test that evaluates a baby’s biological fitness at birth
Apgar scale
A practice that has been found to improve premature infants’ development, consisting of putting them between the mother’s breasts to facilitate nursing and to keep the baby warm
Kangaroo Care
The death of a seemingly healthy infant during sleep for no apparent reason during the first year of life
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
