Chapter 3: Genes to Proteins Flashcards
Composition and general structure of nucleic acids, nucleotides, and nucleosides
Chromosomes are made of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids contain only four different types of structural units called nucleotides. Nucleotides are polymers (repeating building blocks) of nucleic acids made by nucleosides.
Which bases are the purines
Adenine and Guanine (both exist in DNA and RNA).
These nitrogen-containing bases in nucleic acids resemble purines
Difference between DNA and RNA and the numbering system in a cyclic sugar
In DNA, the sugar is 2-deoxyribose
In RNA, the sugar is ribose
Naming system of nucleotides with one, two, or three phosphate groups
[nucleoside] monophosphate
[nucleoside] diphosphate
[nucleoside] triphosphate
(ex. ATD adenosine triphosphate)
Structural features of Coenzyme A
Contains adenosine and is an electron acceptor
Structural features of NAD+
Contains adenosine and is an electron acceptor in metabolism
Structural features of FAD
Contained adenosine and is an electron acceptor in metabolism
How the nucleotides are linked in nucleic acids
Nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds
Specific interaction of bases
Base pairs
A-T (DNA)
A-U (RNA)
G-C
Composition of the backbone of nucleic acids
Sugar-phosphate groups
Meaning of DNA double helix
Two linear strands that run opposite to each other
The central dogma of molecular biology
DNA (replication) -> RNA (transcription) -> Protein (translation)
General features of DNA replication
DNA replication is possible due to the complimentary of the two strands of DNA
Translation = RNA synthesis
Transcription = Protein synthesis
General features of RNA synthesis
RNA transcript is complementary to the template (noncoding strand)
Meaning of coding and noncoding strands
Coding strand is non-template
Noncoding strand is template
Meaning of genetic code
There are 64 codes for 20 amino acids
16 codes for each of the 4 bases
Meaning of a mutated gene and consequences
What are nucleosides made of?
Base and a sugar
Which bases are the pyrimidines?
Cytosine and Thymine (T only in DNA).
The nitrogen containing bases in nucleic acids that resemble pyrimidine.
Which nucleotide is found in RNA and not DNA?
Uracil
INCORRECT
C. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleosides
CORRECT
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
C. Uracil but not thymine
A. Phosphodiester
INCORRECT
C. Amino acids have one unique triplet code or codon
