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Genetics > Chapter 3 Gen > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Gen Flashcards

1
Q

Microscopic examination of chromosomes

A

provides us with insight to help us understand the inheritance pattern of traits

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2
Q

what are chromosomes made up of biochemically in eukaryotes?

A

the DNA-protein complex is called chromatin

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3
Q

what is the relationship between chromosomes and genes?

A

Chromosomes contain the genes

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archea

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5
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Protists, fungi, plants, and animals

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6
Q

General features of eukaryotes

A

Membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and golgi apparatus

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7
Q

Which other organelle contains DNA besides the nuclear genome

A

The mitochondria contains their own DNA

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8
Q

Cytogenetics

A

field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes

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9
Q

Roles of a cytogeneticist

A

examines the chromosomal composition of a particular cell or organism

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10
Q

Two types of cells in animal

A

Somatic and Germ

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11
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Body cells, other than gametes
-Blood, nerve, muscle, etc.

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12
Q

Germ Cells

A

Gametes
-Sperm and egg cells

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13
Q

Karyotype

A

organized representation (picture) of the chromosomes within a cell

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14
Q

What are the chromosomes in a human karyotype?

A

46 total chromosomes, 23 per set

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15
Q

Diploid sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid have all the genetic material the parent cell had so it will have a complete set of chromosomes

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16
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Two homologs form a homologous pair

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17
Q

Homologous chromosomes extra

A

-Nearly identical in size
-Same banding pattern and centromere location
-Have the same genes, but not necessarily the same alleles

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18
Q

Locus

A

physical location of a gene on a chromosome

19
Q

Are x and y chromosomes homologous to one another?

A

No, because they differ in size and genetic composition

20
Q

Cell cycle in eukaryotes

A

cell division that leads to replication and sorting process

21
Q

Two major phases of cell cycle in eukaryotes

A

mitosis and meiosis

22
Q

What phases happen in interphase?

A

G1,S,G2

23
Q

What happens in G1?

A

In this phase the cell prepares to divide

24
Q

What happens in S?

A

Chromosomes are replicated

25
Q

What happens in G2?

A

The cell accumulates the materials that are necessary for nuclear and cell division

26
Q

G0 Phase

A

A cell in this phase has entered a quiescent state, meaning it has entered a postponed progression through the cell cycle, or it may never divide again

27
Q

What does the restriction point in G1 determine?

A

It reaches this point because it is committed to the pathway of cell division

28
Q

Two major processes of M phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

29
Q

Difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids

A

The homolgous chromosomes are the original and the replicate to create the sister chromatids

30
Q

Dyad

A

The two sister chromatids are attached together which make them this

31
Q

Centromere

A

The place that attaches the sister chromatids together

32
Q

Kinetochore

A

This attaches the sister chromatids to the opposite poles which then separate them

33
Q

chromosome number at the end of G1

A

46 distinct chromosomes

34
Q

number after s phase

A

46 pairs of sister chromatids

35
Q

What is the relationship/definition of chromosome and chromatid with respect to each
other at different phases G1, G2, early M phase, late M-phase etc?

A
36
Q

Purpose of mitosis

A

To create two identical daughter cells

37
Q

Prophase

A

-Nuclear envelope dissociates into small vesicles
-Chromatids condense into more compact structures
-Centrosomes begin to separate

38
Q

Prometaphase

A

-Centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell, forming the
spindle poles
-Spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids; spindle
apparatus forms
-Kinetochore microtubules grow from the two poles
* If they make contact with a kinetochore, the sister
chromatid is “captured”
* If not, the microtubule depolymerizes and retracts to the
centrosome
-The two kinetochores on a pair of sister chromatids are
attached to kinetochore MT on opposite poles

39
Q

Metaphase

A

-Pairs of sister chromatids align themselves along a plane
called the metaphase plate
-Each pair of chromatids (dyad) is attached to both poles by
kinetochore microtubules

40
Q

Anaphase

A

-The connection holding the sister chromatids together is
broken
-Each chromatid, now an individual chromosome, is linked to
only one pole
-As anaphase proceeds
* Kinetochore MTs shorten
* Chromosomes move to opposite poles
* Polar MTs lengthen
* Poles themselves move further away from each other

41
Q

Telophase

A

-Chromosomes reach their respective poles and decondense
-Nuclear membrane reforms to form two separate nuclei

42
Q

Look at pictures to identify different parts of mitosis

A

OK!!!!

43
Q
A

Genetics (12 decks)

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