Chapter 3 Gen

Question 1

Microscopic examination of chromosomes

Answer 1

provides us with insight to help us understand the inheritance pattern of traits

Question 2

what are chromosomes made up of biochemically in eukaryotes?

Answer 2

the DNA-protein complex is called chromatin

Question 3

what is the relationship between chromosomes and genes?

Answer 3

Chromosomes contain the genes

Question 4

Prokaryotes

Answer 4

Bacteria and archea

Question 5

Eukaryotes

Answer 5

Protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Question 6

General features of eukaryotes

Answer 6

Membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and golgi apparatus

Question 7

Which other organelle contains DNA besides the nuclear genome

Answer 7

The mitochondria contains their own DNA

Question 8

Cytogenetics

Answer 8

field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes

Question 9

Roles of a cytogeneticist

Answer 9

examines the chromosomal composition of a particular cell or organism

Question 10

Two types of cells in animal

Answer 10

Somatic and Germ

Question 11

Somatic Cells

Answer 11

Body cells, other than gametes
-Blood, nerve, muscle, etc.

Question 12

Germ Cells

Answer 12

Gametes
-Sperm and egg cells

Question 13

Karyotype

Answer 13

organized representation (picture) of the chromosomes within a cell

Question 14

What are the chromosomes in a human karyotype?

Answer 14

46 total chromosomes, 23 per set

Question 15

Diploid sets of chromosomes

Answer 15

Diploid have all the genetic material the parent cell had so it will have a complete set of chromosomes

Question 16

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 16

Two homologs form a homologous pair

Question 17

Homologous chromosomes extra

Answer 17

-Nearly identical in size
-Same banding pattern and centromere location
-Have the same genes, but not necessarily the same alleles

Question 18

Locus

Answer 18

physical location of a gene on a chromosome

Question 19

Are x and y chromosomes homologous to one another?

Answer 19

No, because they differ in size and genetic composition

Question 20

Cell cycle in eukaryotes

Answer 20

cell division that leads to replication and sorting process

Question 21

Two major phases of cell cycle in eukaryotes

Answer 21

mitosis and meiosis

Question 22

What phases happen in interphase?

Answer 22

G1,S,G2

Question 23

What happens in G1?

Answer 23

In this phase the cell prepares to divide

Question 24

What happens in S?

Answer 24

Chromosomes are replicated

Question 25

What happens in G2?

Answer 25

The cell accumulates the materials that are necessary for nuclear and cell division

Question 26

G0 Phase

Answer 26

A cell in this phase has entered a quiescent state, meaning it has entered a postponed progression through the cell cycle, or it may never divide again

Question 27

What does the restriction point in G1 determine?

Answer 27

It reaches this point because it is committed to the pathway of cell division

Question 28

Two major processes of M phase

Answer 28

mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 29

Difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids

Answer 29

The homolgous chromosomes are the original and the replicate to create the sister chromatids

Question 30

Dyad

Answer 30

The two sister chromatids are attached together which make them this

Question 31

Centromere

Answer 31

The place that attaches the sister chromatids together

Question 32

Kinetochore

Answer 32

This attaches the sister chromatids to the opposite poles which then separate them

Question 33

chromosome number at the end of G1

Answer 33

46 distinct chromosomes

Question 34

number after s phase

Answer 34

46 pairs of sister chromatids

Question 35

What is the relationship/definition of chromosome and chromatid with respect to each other at different phases G1, G2, early M phase, late M-phase etc?

Question 36

Purpose of mitosis

Answer 36

To create two identical daughter cells

Question 37

Prophase

Answer 37

-Nuclear envelope dissociates into small vesicles -Chromatids condense into more compact structures -Centrosomes begin to separate

Question 38

Prometaphase

Answer 38

-Centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell, forming the spindle poles -Spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids; spindle apparatus forms -Kinetochore microtubules grow from the two poles * If they make contact with a kinetochore, the sister chromatid is “captured” * If not, the microtubule depolymerizes and retracts to the centrosome -The two kinetochores on a pair of sister chromatids are attached to kinetochore MT on opposite poles

Question 39

Metaphase

Answer 39

-Pairs of sister chromatids align themselves along a plane called the metaphase plate -Each pair of chromatids (dyad) is attached to both poles by kinetochore microtubules

Question 40

Anaphase

Answer 40

-The connection holding the sister chromatids together is broken -Each chromatid, now an individual chromosome, is linked to only one pole -As anaphase proceeds * Kinetochore MTs shorten * Chromosomes move to opposite poles * Polar MTs lengthen * Poles themselves move further away from each other

Question 41

Telophase

Answer 41

-Chromosomes reach their respective poles and decondense -Nuclear membrane reforms to form two separate nuclei

Question 42

Look at pictures to identify different parts of mitosis

Answer 42

OK!!!!