Chapter 3: From Genes to Proteins

Question 1

Nucleotide

Answer 1

Includes the sugar, base and the proteins

Question 2

DNA

Answer 2

Is composed of A,C,G and T bases.

Question 3

Purines

Answer 3

Adenine (A) and guanine (G)

Question 4

Pyramidines

Answer 4

Cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

Question 5

RNA

Answer 5

Is composed of A, C, G and U. The Uracil replaces the thymine.

Question 6

A,C,G,T and U why are they known as bases?

Answer 6

They can participate in acid-base reactions. They donate or accept protons only in extremely low or high pH. (not relevant to the body)

Question 7

Main differences between RNA and DNA

Answer 7

DNA and RNA both have different forms of sugars. DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose. The difference is that deoxyribose has a hydrogen rather than an alcohol. RNA has U instead of the T.

Question 8

Nucleoside

Answer 8

The base of the DNA or RNA: ie. A,C,G, U or T and the sugar

Question 9

Number system of cyclic sugars

Answer 9

The sugar atoms are numbered with primes to distinguish them from the atoms of the attached bases.

Question 10

The naming system of phosphate groups

Answer 10

If there is only one phosphate attached is its the base + monophosphate. Two phosphates would be base+ diphosphate

Question 11

CoA: Coenzyme A

Answer 11

It contains the residue of pantothenic acid (vitamin B) and adenosine

Question 12

NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Answer 12

The structure also contains an adenosine.

Question 13

FAD: Flavid adenine dinucleotide

Answer 13

Also with an adenosine

Question 14

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 14

the linkage between nucleotides. The bond connects the two sugars form the C5’ and C3’.

Question 15

polynucleotide

Answer 15

A molecule composed of many nucleotide units

Question 16

Backbone

Answer 16

It consists of the sugar-phosphate groups. The repeating sugar-phosphate groups

Question 17

What bases are pairs

Answer 17

A and T or U. C and G

Question 18

Sugar-phosphate backbones

Answer 18

The backbone is a strand that when they join with another strand it is known as the DNA double helix. They are bonded via hydrogen bonding.Has a distance of 10.85 A

Question 19

DNA double helix

Answer 19

Two antiparallel strands. One strands goes from 5’-3’ and the other is 3’-5’.

Question 20

Replication

Answer 20

The parental strand will act as a template for the assembly of new strands.

Question 21

Central Dogma of molecular biology

Answer 21

A portion of the DNA, the gene, gets transcribed into a complementary strand of RNA. The RNA is translated into protein

Question 22

DNA Replication

Answer 22

The double helix unwinds and free floating nucleotides will complement the bases from the parental strand creating an identical complementary strand.

Question 23

Coding Strand

Answer 23

The DNA strand from 5’to 3’ the non template

Question 24

Non coding strand

Answer 24

The DNA strand that is the template that runs from the 3’ to 5’ direction.

Question 25

RNA synthesis

Answer 25

mRNA bases will complement the noncoding strand. The mRNA will be translated by a ribosome or rRNA. The tRNA will then carry amino acids (codons) to the mRNA. This will then form the proteins.

Question 26

Protein Synthesis

Answer 26

The tRNA will complement the mRNA strand. The mRNA strand consist of the codons and the tRNA of the anti-codons which code for the amino acids. Each three bases code for a certain amino acid. The codons are translated to the proteins

Question 27

Genetic Code

Answer 27

The correspondence between amino acids and mRNA codons are known as the genetic code. There are a total of 64 codons. But only 20 amino acids