Chapter 3 - Format of the Project Flashcards
What are 4 valuable things to get out of using literature in a research?
- Subproblems encountered
- New information
- New methods to address study
- Compare with other studies
Where should you look for literature? (4)
- Primary academic journals
- Government Documents
- Internet
- Libraries
True or False: There is a lot of inaccurate and poor
quality information as well.
True.
______ your sources carefully before using them.
Evaluate
What is a drawback of using Google Scholar?
It is limited in searching capability.
What is one of the best places to find the latest research papers on any given topic?
Bibliographic databases
What are 3 key bibliographic databases?
- Web of Science
- SCOPUS
- PubMed
How are sources of information classified?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
What are Primary information sources?
Original “material” from the field one is studying.
Provide an example of Primary information sources:
Books, original research articles, letters, diaries, memoirs, reports, etc.
Why do scholars use Primary sources of information?
Scholars consult primary sources in search of new material and/or for insights that have not previously been reported by other scholars.
What are Secondary information sources?
Secondary sources are based on primary
sources they are usually studies which analyze, evaluate, interpret, or criticize primary sources
Provide some examples of Secondary information sources:
Journal articles (other than original research articles
or reports), conference proceedings, books (monographs or chapters’ books), documentaries, review of literature
When do scholars consult Secondary information sources?
Scholars consult secondary sources to determine what others have already reported about a particular research topic
What is the distinction between Primary and Secondary information sources?
The distinction between primary and secondary sources is not always clear; depending on how or why it is being used, a secondary source may also be a primary source
What type of information source uses both Primary and Secondary information sources and why?
Literature reviews, since the purpose is to document and analyze what has been published through time
What are Tertiary information sources?
These are sources that compile or digest other sources.
Provide some examples of Tertiary information sources:
Some reference materials and textbooks are considered tertiary sources when their chief purpose is to list, summarize or simply repackage ideas or other information
What are the 9 information source types?
- Research Article
- Review Article
- Meta-analysis
- Conference Paper
- Erratum
- Comment
- News
- Magazine
- Book
What type of source is a Research article and what does it do?
Primary source.
It reports the methods and results of an original study performed by the authors.
What type of source is a Review article and what does it do?
Secondary Source.
Summarize the scholarly research on a
specific topic. Two categories as narrative, and systematic reviews.
What type of source is a Meta-analysis and what does it do?
Secondary Source
A quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research.
What type of source is a Conference Paper and what does it do?
Primary / Secondary source.
Written with the goal of being accepted to a
conference: typically an annual (or biannual) venue with a specific scope where you can present your results to the community, (oral, poster, or a tabled discussion)
What type of source is a Conference Paper and what does it do?
—— source
A correlation of a published text, most commonly issues shortly after its original text is published.
What type of source is a Comment and what does it do?
____ source
Brief comments on topical issues; letters to the editor.
What type of source is the News and what does it do?
Secondary source (could be a primary)
A news article is usually a secondary source because it combines other sources.
What type of source is a Magazine and what does it do?
Secondary Source
Could be an article in a magazine.
What type of source is a Book and what does it do?
Tertiary source
You can find both primary and secondary sources published in book form or an Encyclopedia ( a book or set of books giving information on many subjects or on many aspects of one subject and typically arranged alphabetically).
What are four points to remember when producing the literature review for a proposal?
- Summarize info relevant to your study
- Keep summary short and relevant
- Use a logical order to present (Pyramid approach)
- Use appropriate citation methods
When should in-text citations be used?
When directly quoting or paraphrasing a source.
What are the referencing styles?
- APA (American Psychological Association)
- MLA (Modern Language Association)
- Harvard Style
- Google Scholar
What are the 2 types of reasoning used in planning the proposal / study direction?
- Deductive Logic
- Inductive Reasoning (Scientific Method)
Which is the default reasoning approach?
Inductive reasoning
What do Inductive reasoning approaches begin with?
- Observation, then a goal derived from a problem statement, followed with a hypothesis
How do Deductive reasoning approaches being?
Investigation begins with a premise, cannot rule out that the premise is wrong and you end up trying to prove something that doesn’t exist.
Occasionally, ____________ approaches can be used where we have no answers or cannot find any with inductive reasoning.
Deductive
Excellent methods available to collect data but _______ prevent data collection
logistics
Provide an example of logistics preventing data collection:
In-person survey during COVID or bird surveys in the winter.
We need _______ to make a decision on our hypothesis.
Facts
Data can be _______ or ___________.
Real or perception
What do we need to define in a study in order to develop a plan?
Parameters
What are important notes to consider for the ethics of your proposal?
- Be objective
- Prove your competence
- Honesty
- Be professional
- Acknowledge others in your work
What are the two ways of seeking answers to the unknown?
- Deductive Logic
- Inductive Logic (Scientific Method)
In deductive logic, we begin with a _________ or _________ premise.
Major, minor
Inductive logic begins with an _______________.
Observation
What are the 5 research categories?
- People
- Things
- Records
- Thoughts / ideas
- Dynamics / energy
What are the 4 types of Study Data?
- Descriptive
- Historical
- Analytical
- Experimental
___________ data: It is observational, made at the scene of occurrence and reported as facts.
Descriptive
____________ data: Written accounts or records of past happenings.
Historical
______________ data: Observations that are quantified and exist as numerical concepts
Analytical
________________ data: Observations of certain differences that arise from comparison of one set of observations with another set.
Experimental
