chapter 3: forging the nation

Question 1

what was the 13th amendment?

Answer 1

formal ending of slavery in america

Question 2

what was the 14th amendment?

Answer 2

now freed slaves became citizens of america

Question 3

what was the 15th amendment?

Answer 3

gave freed slaves the right to vote

Question 4

in what ways did reconstruction fail?

Answer 4

• many freed slaves were forced into share cropping which took away their freedom as they were in debt
• ku klux klan was formed and used violence in attempt to prevent african americans from voting
• literary tests were done for african americans to try and prevent them from voting

Question 5

what were the successes of reconstruction?

Answer 5

• education was now available to over 600,000 black pupils in the south
• a number of freed slaves moved north to farms where they could earn higher wages
• lots of the south’s infrastructure was rebuilt or repaired

Question 6

what were the black codes?

Answer 6

a series of local laws which restricted the freedom of african americans

Question 7

what restrictions were african americans under due to the black codes?

Answer 7

• an interracial couple could not get married
• they could not testify in court
• could not own their own property

Question 8

when were the black codes passed?

Answer 8

1866

Question 9

by 1877, what was the governments focus?

Answer 9

conflict with plains indians and westward expansion - reconstruction was over

Question 10

how did african americans help themselves in the aftermath of american civil war + during reconstruction?

Answer 10

• build their own independent churches, creating a sense of community and teaching children to read + write
• organised mutual aid clubs where people could share experiences and gain confidence, they also helped with bonding

Question 11

what were scallywags?

Answer 11

poor southern farmers who had supported the union in the war

Question 12

what were carpetbaggers?

Answer 12

northeners who came to the south during the reconstruction

Question 13

did the south like carpetbaggers?

Answer 13

no

Question 14

were scallywags supported by the north?
were they liked by the south?

Answer 14

yes
no

Question 15

what were homesteaders?

Answer 15

farmers

Question 16

why did homesteaders move west?

Answer 16

• promise of land (government actions)
• the end of the civil war
• building of the transcontinental railroads

Question 17

how did government actions influence homesteaders to move west?

Answer 17

• the promise of free land
• the homestead act 1862 gave families 160 acres of free land to farm on the plains for 5 years

Question 18

how did the end of the civil war influence homesteaders to move west?

Answer 18

• after the war, many sought a new start in the west
• many previous soldiers were now unemployed so farmed on the plains
• many free slaves moved west to escape racism in the south

Question 19

how did the building of the transcontinental railroad influence homesteaders to move west?

Answer 19

• travelling was made much easier as people could now use the railroad rather than previously using wagons
• helped homesteaders get equipment and supplies to support the farm
• railroad companies sold cheap land on either side of the railroad

Question 20

what problems did homesteaders face while living on the plains?

Answer 20

• extreme weather
• lack of materials for building
• lack of water
• sod houses were dirty and disease ridden
• farming was difficult - the most fertile land was expensive
• crops didn’t always grow well in the dry soil
• crops would be destroyed by weather, animals etc.

Question 21

what solutions did homesteaders find to the problems they faced on the plains?

Answer 21

• dry farming: land was ploughed after it rained to trap moisture in the soil
• sod buster: a machine that broke through tough roots and eased farming
• wind pump: allowed water to be drawn from the ground
• barbed wire: allowed land to be fenced off land cheaply
• opening of the railroad made it easier to transport machinery

Question 22

what is share cropping?

Answer 22

system of farming in which farmer works land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop

Question 23

what was total war?

Answer 23

soldiers in the us army fighting against the whole plains indians population by destroying their food and shelter.

Question 24

what was the aim of total war?

Answer 24

to force plains indians onto reservations

Question 25

what were the other three factors why the us army would beat the indians (other than total war)?

Answer 25

• fresh and experienced soldiers after the american civil war
• winter campaigns: fighting when the indians were at their weakest
• forts: massive defenses the indians could not capture or defeat

Question 26

what led to the destruction of the buffalo?

Answer 26

• the building of the railroad (disrupted herds)
• a method was found for making high quality leather from buffalo hide, leading to a massive surge in buffalo hunting

Question 27

how did the destruction of the buffalos affect lives of the plains indians?

Answer 27

• buffalo was used in many aspects of plains indians lives meaning that their culture and identity was now gone
• low food supplies would leave to starvation
• they would have to rely on the usa again
• would cause more conflict and wars that they would lose due to being weaker
• number of soldiers decreased
• many people were forced on to reservations
• affected their religion

Question 28

when was the battle of little bighorn?

Answer 28

1876

Question 29

who fought in the battle of little bighorn?

Answer 29

an alliance of sioux, cheyenne against the us army, commanded by colonel custer

Question 30

what were the 4 main causes for the battle of little bighorn?

Answer 30

• gold was found in the hills in 1875 leading to an influx of gold miners breaking the second fort laramie treaty
• us government tried to buy black hills from the sioux but it was sacred land so the sioux refused
• in 1875 the sioux and cheyenne refused an order from the us government to return t their reservations
• some sioux began to attack miners and other settlers

Question 31

what happened at the battle of little bighorn?

Answer 31

• custer discovered a sioux vilage and decided to attack, not realising that the population of this village was much larger than his army
• the sioux led custer and his men into a trap and ambushed them, killing them all

Question 32

what were the reasons for custers defeat at the battle of little bighorn?

Answer 32

• they were outnumbered
• he ignored orders and didn’t wait for a bigger army
• forced his troops to march through the night so they were exhausted
• wrongly guessed what the sioux were going to do in defence

Question 33

what made the battle of little bighorn important?

Answer 33

it proved the native americans strength and power

Question 34

what were the consequences of the battle of little bighorn?

Answer 34

• people turned against the native americans and sioux
• plains indians were forced onto reservations and became entirely dependent on the government
• the government began to destroy all native american culture
• the sioux were forced to sell the black hills and hand over all their weapons and horses

Question 35

what was the dawes general allotment act?

Answer 35

a law which distributed indian reservation land to individual native american families

Question 36

what was the intention of the dawes general allotment act?

Answer 36

intended to make native americans self sufficient farmers

Question 37

when did the dawes general allotment act become a law?

Answer 37

1887

Question 38

why was the dawes general allotment act created?

Answer 38

• to encourage native americans to integrate into white american society
• to free up more land for white settlers

Question 39

how did the dawes act destroy native american culture?

Answer 39

• undermined tribal structure of native americans
• eliminated buffalos as they didn’t need to be hunted
• eroded native american spiritual beliefs as they were soon forced to become christians

Question 40

what was the ghost dance?

Answer 40

a religious movement that native americans did

Question 41

why did the ghost dance start?

Answer 41

native americans believed they had angered the gods by abandoning their culture so did this dance in hopes of making amends and that the gods would make a new world for them

Question 42

what did native americans believe the ghost dance would do?

Answer 42

• end white settlement in america
• bring the return of buffalo
• bring ancestors back to life
• restore their traditional way of life

Question 43

what were the consequences of the ghost dance?

Answer 43

-the dance worried us government who had tried to ban the religion.
- led to the battle of wounded knee

Question 44

what was the battle of wounded knee?

Answer 44

the final battle in the wars between the us army and the sioux

Question 45

who was involved in the battle of wounded knee?

Answer 45

sioux indians led by ‘big foot’ and the 7th us cavalry

Question 46

what happened at the battle of wounded knee?

Answer 46

us cavalry were sent to disarm the sioux and arrest their leader but one of the sioux resisted so the soldiers opened fire, killing 250 sioux and 25 soldiers

Question 47

how many died at the battle of wounded knee?

Answer 47

over 250 sioux and 25 soldiers

Question 48

after everything that happened, was manifest destiny achieved?

Answer 48

yes