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america: expansion and consolidation > chapter 1 - opportunities and challenges > Flashcards

chapter 1 - opportunities and challenges Flashcards

pioneers, mormons, gold rush, gold miners, plains indians culture, the buffalo, permanent indian frontier

1
Q

what is a push factor?

A

something that pushes someone away from an area

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2
Q

what is a pull factor?

A

something that pulls someone towards another area

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3
Q

pioneers: push factors

A
  • economic depression
  • wage cuts + increased unemployment
  • 1837 bank collapse
  • overpopulation
  • crop prices fell
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4
Q

pioneers: pull factors

A
  • stories from mountain men
  • chance for a fresh start
  • good farm land - money to be made
  • better climate
  • manifest destiny
  • excitement of new and unknown
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5
Q

what challenges did pioneers face on their journey?

A
  • crossing rivers
  • rocky mountains
  • extreme weather
  • poor drinking water
  • heavy luggage
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6
Q

what were solutions to the challenged pioneers faced?

A
  • crossed rivers at an angle
  • used winches on steep inclines
  • used mountain men guides
  • followed the great south pass (a route through the rocky mountains)
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7
Q

who were mormons founded by?

A

joseph smith

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8
Q

what did mormons believe they were?

A

god’s chosen people

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9
Q

did people like the mormons? why?

A

no, most people didn’t because of their beliefs

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10
Q

why did mormons face persecution at one point?

A

1837 - a bank they set up collapsed and they got all the blame

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11
Q

where were the mormons first forced to move to? why?

A
  • missouri
  • americans didn’t like that they supported polygamy
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12
Q

what happened to joseph smith?

A

he was shot after being arrested for conspiracies

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13
Q

who became the new mormon leader?

A

brigham young

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14
Q

why did the mormons have to flee to illinois?

A

although mormons were friendly to indians, people in missouri did not like indians, so rumors were made that mormons were teaming up with indians, forcing them to run

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15
Q

why did mormons choose to move west to great salt lake?

A
  • it was isolated
  • had good farmland
  • could live closely as a community
  • great salt lake was in mexico not usa
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16
Q

although the journey was well planned, what challenges did they face when travelling to the great salt lake?

A
  • difficult to travel as a group of 16,000
  • rocky mountains
  • extreme weather
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17
Q

what were the solutions to the mormons journeys challenges?

A
  • started journey when winter ended
  • rest camps
  • land was allocated by need
  • irrigation systems to water crops
  • perpetual emigrating fund (encouragement to move to utah)
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18
Q

was mormon emigration a success?

A

yes, however salt lake city was now owned by the usa so it was pointless

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19
Q

what was the 1848 gold rush?

A

gold was discovered in california which encourages thousands to move west

20
Q

how long did the gold rush last?

A

4 years (until 1852)

21
Q

by how much did the population of california grow in those 4 years?

A

235,000

22
Q

what were gold miners nicknamed?

A

49’ers

23
Q

why did gold miners struggle to find gold?

A

due to the rush of local people also looking for it

24
Q

gold miners: push factors

A
  • lots of money to be made from gold
  • economic depression in the east
25
Q

gold miners: pull factors

A
  • promise of making $1000 a day from gold
  • only needed basic mining equipment
26
Q

what lifestyle did the plains indians live?

A

a nomadic lifestyle

27
Q

in plains indians culture, what were the key things in home and society?

A
  • everyone had a role
  • men = hunting, warfare
  • women = crafting, homemaking
  • divided into tribes and bands
28
Q

how many families did a band typically contain?

A

10 - 50 families

29
Q

what did plains indians live in?

A

tipis

30
Q

why did plains indians live in tipis

A
  • they were suitable for harsh environments and weathers (bottoms could be rolled up in extreme heat)
  • suitable for their lifestyle - they could be packed away in 10 minutes
31
Q

who owned and were responsible for tipis?

A

women

32
Q

what were tipis usually made of?

A

buffalo skin & 10 wooden poles

33
Q

why were buffalo important to the plains indians religion?

A

smoked dung & skull were used for many religious ceremonies

34
Q

why were buffalo important to the plains indians homes?

A
  • tanned hide used for pillows
  • rawhide for lashings
  • skin for tipi covers
35
Q

why were buffalo important to the plains indians warfare?

A
  • rawhide used for shields
  • bones used for arrowheads
36
Q

why were buffalo important to the plains indians clothing?

A

tanned hide & rawhide used for belts

37
Q

why were buffalo important to the plains indians lifestyle?

A
  • intestines used for cooking but also eaten and preserved for food in winter
  • heart was eaten for power & buried to bring new life back to buffalo herds
  • bladder used for food storage
38
Q

what other animals were important to native americans lives? why?

A

horses
- peoples wealth was measured in horses
- horses meant they could raid enemy tribes further

39
Q

what was significant about plains indians warfare?

A
  • they carried out raids, not pitched battles
  • they didn’t conquer land
  • counting coups (meant it was braver to touch or get close to someone than kill them) -led to low casualties
  • often took scalps to prevent their enemies from attacking them in the afterlife - signified bravery
  • they did the buffalo dance before a hunt to call the spirit world for help
40
Q

what was the permanent indian frontier?

A

where indian land started (mississippi)

41
Q

why was the permanent indian frontier created?

A

1842 -native americans began to be seen as a problem as they blocked westward expansion

42
Q

when was the PIF created?

A

1830

43
Q

what did the PIF mean?

A

all native americans had to move beyond the line to make room for american settlers

44
Q

what was this trail also known as and why?

A

the ‘trail of tears’ as force was often used to move the native americans so many died

45
Q

what were set up in 1850 and what did they mean for native americans?

A

reservations - areas of land they couldn’t leave and american settlers couldn’t cross

46
Q

what were set up for native american children and why?

A

schools - to spread american culture and christianity

america: expansion and consolidation (3 decks)

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