Chapter 3 Eye

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

Making sense of info
Cognitive process, involves selection & interpretation of external stimuli & transfer of external stimuli (light, sound waves, chemicals)
Into neural energy =cabled transduction

Question 2

Transducer

Answer 2

External stimuli transferred/changed into chemical/neural impulses

Question 3

Psychophysics

Answer 3

Study of physical stimuli are translated into psychological experiences

Also involves how 5 senses affect our behaviors

Question 4

Absolute thresholds

Answer 4

Minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect 50% of the time

Goes beyond boundary referred to as neural or absolute threshold

Triggers neural impulses

Question 5

Difference thresholds

Answer 5

JND
Smallest difference in amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect
Notice change decrease/increase in 5 senses

Question 6

Sensory adaption

Answer 6

Involves gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation (you get used to this one)

Question 7

Subliminal perception

Answer 7

Stimuli presented below ones absolute threshold

Visual/auditorial message presented below our sensory threshold

May influence actions but only subtly

James viary

Question 8

Cornea

Answer 8

Protector, round transparent, shell of the eye

Bends light rays as they enter eye

Question 9

Lens

Answer 9

Transparent eye structure

Focuser, focuses light rays falling on retina (visual image)

Question 10

Pupil

Answer 10

Opening in center of iris, regulator of light passing through rear of eye

Dilates/contracts depending on amount of light present in environment

Question 11

Iris

Answer 11

Ring of muscle gives colors

Muscle regulates size of pupil

Question 12

Ciliary muscles

Answer 12

Small muscles attached to lens - controls shape & focusing accommodation

Question 13

Accommodation

Answer 13

Reflexive change in lens of eye to bring into sharp focus objects at different distances

Becomes difficult as we age, lenses more rigid & ciliary muscles become weak

Question 14

Aqueous Humor

Answer 14

Nourishes cornea & structures at front of eye

Question 15

Vitreous humor

Answer 15

Keeps eyeball rounded by filling Space behind lens

Fluid fills interior parts of eye keeping space filled & rouunded

Question 16

Retina

Answer 16

Neural tissue lining inside back surface of eye

Vision begins taking place here where light energy is traduced/transferred into neural energy on back

Question 17

Photoreceptors

Answer 17

Cells are light sensitive

2 types of rods & cones; names based on shape of receptors, rods =blunt flat, cones = pointy

Question 18

Rods

Answer 18

Specialized visual receptors that play key role in night/peripheral vision

Nocturnal animals = lots of rods

Too many rods = lower ability to see color during day

Question 19

Cones

Answer 19

Specialized visual receptors play key role in daylight/color vision

Best in well lit, responsible for color vision

More cones = better color vision

Question 20

Optic nerve

Answer 20

Axons from retina that connect eye w/ brain

String of sensory neurons take messages to occipital lobe

Question 21

Fovea

Answer 21

Tiny spot in center of retina contains only cones

Cones are detail oriented

Question 22

Blind spot

Answer 22

Area where optic nerve exists eye to brain

No rods/cones where optic nerve exists the eyes to brain

Question 23

Optic chiasm

Answer 23

Optic nerves converge so signals from each half of visual field carried opposite sides of visual cortex

Question 24

Trichromatic: young helmholtz

Answer 24

Red green and blue

Human eye has 3 types of receptors w/ differing sensitivities to other wavelengths

First by Thomas young revised by Hermann Von helmholtz

Question 25

Opponent process

Answer 25

Color perceived in 3 channels paired of antagonist colors

Blue & yellow processors; red & green processors; black & white

Each processor capable of responding to either of two colors not both simultaneously

Question 26

Afterimage

Answer 26

Visual image persists after stimulus removed rods and cones activated after image gone

Question 27

Color blindness

Answer 27

8% males .5% females

Question 28

Sensation

Answer 28

Conversion of energy from environment into pattern of responses by nervous system