Chapter 13 - Treatment & Therapy Flashcards
Psychoanalytic techniques
Method of psychotherapy attempts to bring UNCONSCIOUS THOUGHTS & MOTIVATIONS to conscious so they can be dealt w/ rationally. Developed by Sigmund Frued (father of clinical & psychotherapy).
Free association
Procedure - someone reports everything comes to mind w/o omission/censorship. Free floating talk, therapist leads & looks for resistance. If encountered therapist explores further
Resistance
Psychoanalysis, continued REPRESSION interferes w/ therapy. Repressed memories/ thoughts patient feel uncomfortable. Goal is expose these
Dream interpretation
Frued believed this is necessary part of psychoanalytic therapy. Classified dreams in two categories
Manifest content
Known/obvious content dreams
Latent content
Hidden/disguised content dreams. Goal is to reveal meaning
Transference
Therapist is parent/someone important in clients life. ULTIMATE GOAL IN PSYCHOANALYSIS. Patient transfers emotional outbursts on therapists. Allows client to work through problems w/ professional
Psychodynamic therapy
New era - Frueds psychoanalysis - AKA neofruedians. Face to face contact w/ patient. Less focus on dreams & dream interpretation. Focuses: past events & working through childhood problems. Less time;fewer sessions
Humanistic Techniques
Therapist provide UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGUARD, supports clients efforts to grow & change. AKA - client centered therapy- Carl Rogers. Differs from psychoanalysis: approach focuses on future than past, personal growth, conscious than unconscious. Client more active
Nondirective therapy
Therapist - no advice/interpretation. Client identifies conflicts & understands problems & values
Active listening
Therapist mirrors words by patients for emphasis. Figure out what problems may be
Psychoanalysis & humanistic therapies
Dependent on self awareness & healing. Client asked to pair up good w/ correct behavior
Behavioral techniques
Therapy: client & therapist agree on BEHAVIORAL GOALS & LEARNING EXPERIENCES to achieve
Behavioral therapy
Therapy techniques based on operant conditioning. Changed specific behaviors by making goals & making plan to achieve goals
Counter conditioning
Classical conditioning principals. Pairing pleasant w/ anxiety replacing fear w/ relaxation. Cannot feel two emotions at same time
Systematic desensitization
Gradually increasing exposure to anxiety while reinforcing calm behavior. Mary Cover Jones - 1924. Subject learns to be relaxed while in presence of their fear
Virtual reality exposure Therapy
High tech method of systematic desensitization. Experiences any kind of fear
Flooding
Subject confronted w/ fear while w/ therapist. Faces head on.
Implosive Theory
IMAGES ones worst fear in therapists office.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive & behavioral therapies. MOST OFTEN USED PSYCHOTHERAPIES! Focuses subjects thoughts & behavior. Recognize subjects thoughts about situations are irrational & need to be changed to rational non anxiety ones. Focuses on changing behaviors to less destructive ones. CBT achieve results quicker than other forms of therapy
Eye movement desensitization & reprocessing
Francine Shapiro 1989. Subject thinks of fear while darting eyed. Used on OCD, phobias, panic attacks, even schizophrenia. Increase effectiveness of type of exposure therapy.
Light exposure therapy
Used - seasonal affective disorder. Exposure - light box 30 mins every morning. Stimulates secretion of serotonin. Decreases winter blues
Lobotomy
DEPRESSION & VIOLENT BEHAVIOR. Used in 1930s, cutting connective tissue between frontal lobe & emotional brain. Used on severely depressed & schizophrenic. Results - loss of mobility & lethargy. Shock. Ice pick. Wiggle. Connective tissue cut.
Walter Freeman
Lobotomy in 1950s - over 2,900 lobotomies in US. Kids. Ended when patient died - brain hemorrhage
Insulin shock therapy or insulin coma therapy
Treatment - patients repeatedly injected - large doses of insulin - produces daily comas over several weeks.
Insulin
Peptide hormone by beta cells of pancreas. Central to regulating carbs & fat metabolism in body. Introduced 1927 - Austrian-American psychiatrist Manfred Sakel used for schizophrenia. Replaced by neuroleptic sin 1960
Physical treatments in psychiatry
Convulsive therapies (electroconvulsive therapies), deep sleep, & psychosurgery.
Joseph Wortis
Brought the treatments to the US.
How many hospitals in England & Wales had insulin treatments?
31
1936 Sakel moved where & promoted insulin coma treatments where?
New York, American psychiatric hospitals & a majority of the hospitals used it in the late 1940s
Technique
Insulin dose increased 100-150 units til comas were produced - dose would then be leveled out. Insulin was reduced after 50-60 comas. Coma lasted hr. & was terminated by intravenous glucose. Seizures before/during coma
Effects
Sakel claimed success rates for insulin coma therapy, over 80% in treatment of schizophrenia. Morality risk - 1-5%
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Produce cortical seizure. 1938 - given 100 volts while conscious. Now - give anesthesia - lasts 30 mins, patient unaware, voltage from 70-150. Sometimes administered one hemisphere fewer Side effects (loss of memory, seizures). Mild seizures during. MAINLY USED ON DEPRESSION. Usefulness - not known: possibly releases norepinephrine/ may shock brains electrical current back to normal
Psychoactive drugs
Chemicals affect cognitions/behavior: why disorders referred to as chemical imbalance
Psychoactive drugs differ in ability to regulate NTs
- Change sensitivity of receiving neuron
- Change # of receptors
- Block re-absorption of NTs – reuptake inhibitors SSRIs
- Block receptor sites
- Block conversion into inactive molecules – change NTs into inert chemicals
Antipsychotic drug
Treats schizophrenia/ mood disorders who are delusional. Freedom drug - allows schizophrenics to live on own. Blocks dopamine receptors - reduces excess dopamine. Reduction of dopamine - reduces hall. & del.
Clozaril (clozapine)
Drug reduces negative/positive symptoms reduces negative/positive symptoms
Lithium
Mineral treats bipolar. Positive effect stabilizes synapses. Natural salt/mineral - stabilize mood swings/reduces manic
Antidepressant Drugs
Drugs help person out of depression gradually elevating mood
List of antidepressant drugs
- Prozac
- Zoloft
- Paxil
All 3 slow synaptic vacuum of serotonin between neurons. Called SSRIs
Anti anxiety Drugs
Relieve tension, apprehension, & nervousness. Ex: Valium & Xanax.
2 reasons why drug therapies - controversial
Produce superficial curative effects. Covers prob. Effects purely from meds. Psychotherapies used in conjunctions w/ drug therapies psychotherapies needed get to root of prob. Often over prescribed/medicated
Insight therapies
Verbal interactions to enhance clients self knowledge. AKA - psychotherapies - interview involves talking for treatment. Helps patient gain insight through talking w/ professional
