Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Abnormal
Maladaptive cognitions, behaviors at odds w/ social expectations, result in distress/discomfort
Disturbing
Behavior must be to others
Unjustifiable
Thoughts/behaviors aren’t justified/rationally explained
Medical Model
Diagnosing/treating psych disorders as physical illness. Only meds for treatment
Labeling
Label to individual based off diagnosis. Can be harmful & contributes to worsening problems. This leads to self fulling prophecy.
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
Patient acts way they think they should behave.
Why “client” over “patient” is used in psychotherapy
Patient role
Takes away patient role. Makes them feel reliant on caregiver/meds
Philippe Pinel
French reformer, mental disorders not caused by demons, but from sickness of mind. Called for moral treatments
DSM-5
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Also called bible of psychologists. Updated in 2013. Over 300 mental disorders. Used by all psychologists. Doesn’t categorize well :(
Maladaptive
Hurting self or others. Harmful to the environment. Can be social or occupational. Key element = finding if someone is not normal.
Insanity
Legal term, inability to tell right from wrong & exercise over one’s actions.
Psychopathology
Treatment of mental illnesses
Neurotic
Behavior marked by distress (chronic anxiety) & reliance on avoidance.
Also called Psychoneurosis.
Described as old/eccentric.
Respond to situation of difficulty w/ emotional duress.
Emotional reactions intense & deliberating
Psychotic
Behavior marked by impaired contract w/ reality & deterioration of adaptive functioning. Affects perception of reality. Also called psychosis
Anxiety disorders
Class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension & anxiety.
Most common disorder. More common in women.
Goes beyond common apprehension.
Physically & Psychologically debilitating.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Marked by chronic, high levels of anxiety not tied to specific threat. Often called free floating anxiety. Irrational fear, not focused on particular event. Constant state of anxiety.
To be diagnosed must have this feeling over 6 months & must interfere w/ normal routines.
Panic Disorder
Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety. Usually occur suddenly & unexpectedly. Unprovoked onset of intense anxiety/panic. Caused by certain situation/event.
Symptoms: rapid heart beat, shortness of breath, overwhelming fear, fear of losing control.
Phobic disorder
Persistent & irrational fear of an object/ situation that isn’t dangerous. 3 categories: Agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia
Agoraphobia
Fear of being in situation which escaping is difficult/humiliating. Agora: market. Fear of marketplace
Social phobia
Fear & avoidance of social situations
Specific phobia
Fear of specific event/thing
OCD Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Persistent uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts & urges to engage in senseless rituals
Obsessions
Overwhelming & persistent anxious thoughts of or feelings of things
Compulsions
All actions to relieve anxiety
PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Period bursts of anxiety, panic, depression provoked by reminders of traumatic events. Person experiences traumatic life threatening event. Intense fear, or helplessness due to event. Flashbacks/nightmares - debilitating
Learning Theory
Classical conditioning (pairing up object/event w/ bad experience) & through Observational (genetic)
Biological Theory
Evolved to fear/avoid things that are harmful. Anxiety disorders linked to imbalance in serotonin. SSRIs often prescribed
Somatoform Disorder
Disorders involving physical ailments to body no authentic organic basis that are due to psychological factors
Treatment - psychotherapy - no meds
Hypochondriasis
Excessive preoccupation w/ health concerns & incessant worry about developing physical illnesses. Irrational fear - every ache & pain / life threatening. Cyberchondria. Causes not known. Equal in men and women
Conversion disorder
Loss of physical function (no apparent organic basis). Defense mechanism for mind. Formerly called hysteria & psychosomatic disorder. Mind shuts off part of body to cope w/ traumatic event. More in women.
Dissociative disorders
Disorders people lose contact w/ portions of consciousness/memory resulting in disruption of identity. Not bio/genetic. Psychological stressors. Defense mechanism for mind - helps it cope
Dissociative amnesia
Loss of memory for important personal info that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting. Not caused by organic/ physiological methods. Formerly called psychogenic amnesia. Loss of traumatic event. Rare cases - forget prior. Mind copes by blocking memory.
Dissociative Fugue
Amnesia involves unexplained change of location. Psychogenic fugue - Latin - “to flee”. Amnesia & need to leave environment, where event took place & begin life elsewhere.
Dissociative Identity Disorder/ Multiple Personality
Person changes between 2 or more personalities. Always severe childhood trauma. New different personality defends against childhood memories, why they may seem so aggressive. Original doesn’t have control/aware of other personalities. Others are different from original. Very rare
Personality Disorder
Maladaptive inflexible way of dealing w/ environment & others
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Exhibits extreme suspicious, envy, & mistrust of others
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Inability to form inter personal relationships
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Overwhelmingly dramatic. Takes emotions to extreme
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Grandiose exaggeration of ones importance. greed for attention. Correlational study - checking Facebook & narcissism
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Socio/psychopaths. Lack of regard for others accompanied by criminal behaviors - more likely to be violent - underdeveloped Amygdala seen as an underlying factor. Manipulation & causing pain to others often brings pleasure. Grow out until 40s
Avoidant personality disorder
Unwillingness to enter into relationships. Fear of being rejected.
Dependent Personality Disorder
Poor- self image & self esteem. hook up w/ dominant personality that will assume responsibility for their actions
Mood Disorders
Disorders by emotional disturbances that disrupt social, physical, perceptual, & thought processes. 20% of US at least 1 depressive episode in lifetime. Women 2x more likely. Teens to early 20s.
Major depression
Takes little pleasure in life & experiences feelings of worthlessness, powerlessnes, & guilt. Also called: Unipolar/Common Cold of Mood disorders. Symptoms: eating less/more, sleeping probs, lack of communication/energy. Thoughts of suicide. More people treated than any other disease. Genetic link. Lead to suicide via alcohol. More common in women & teens
Dysthymia
Depression- mild case. Prolonged period, not as severe. Two years of being sad for most days. Low energy & self esteem. Able to function but is deliberating.
Bipolar Disorder/ Manic Depressive
Alternate between depression/manic. Massive mood swings - low to high. little time in normal state. Dangerous - suicidal tendencies usually near end of manic state
Mania
Condition by constant driven activity & lack of inhibitions. Hyperactive. Can’t stay still. Life in fast lane. Not much sleep. Inappropriate behavior. Rapid speech. Delusions of Gradver - partake in dangerous activities.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Person sad in winter. Not enough sunlight - sun lamps are helpful. Less sunlight - lower levels of melatonin & serotonin.
Causes of Depression
Low levels of serotonin & norepinephrine cause depression. Often prescribed drugs that make these NTs more abundant by blocking Reuptake i.e. SSRIs
Biological factors for bipolar
Genetic link, identical twins - one has one - other one more likely. Too much norepinephrine causes manic state.
Lithium
Most common element given to treat bipolar. Causes level out someone’s mood.
Psychological factor for Unipolar
Genetics set stage for mood disorder - stressors trigger it. Cancer or heart disease, the disorder can be put off or effects lessened by changing ones lifestyle.
Schizophrenia
GROUP of disorders by disturbances in thought that spill over perceptual, social, & emotional processes.
Shattered mind - split from reality. Least occurring disorder 1% worldwide. Psychotic disorder.
Delusions
False beliefs maintained though they are clearly out of touch w/ reality. Believe they are something they aren’t
Hallucinations
Visual/auditorial stimuli seen/heard that don’t exist but are created in ones mind
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Hallucinations & delusions & behavior caused by disorder
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Loss of certain functions because of the disorder, not feeling certain emotions
Process schizophrenia
Symptoms gradually develop overtime. AKA chronic schizophrenia - most difficult to treat/more devastating
Reactive schizophrenia
Sudden onset of schizophrenic symptoms. AKA - acute schizophrenia. Triggered by stress or traumatic life events. Higher success in treatment
Signs of schizophrenia
Childhood language - delayed. Abnormal motor behaviors: arm flapping/rocking. Lack of emotions inappropriate for situation. Socially withdrawal agitation. Incoherent speech
DSM 4
Lists the 4 major types of schizophrenia
Paranoid type
Most dangerous. Hallucinations & delusions make them act out violently towards others. Psychotic episodes
Catatonic type
Bold physical postures, followed you wild frenzy. Very rare - better treatments. Speak in “word salads”, neologism - nonsense words used by schizophrenics that have meaning to them.
Disorganized type
Emotionally flat, disorganized speech & behavior
Undifferentiated type
“Catch all category”
Residual type
Emotionally withdrawn following end of hallucinations & delusions
Heredity factor on schizophrenia
Inherit predisposition to develop schizophrenia. Genetic component exist. Viral infections - flu during 2nd trimester increases chances for child. Pregnant women should get flu shot
Biochemical factor of schizophrenia
Dopamine hypothesis. Caused by excessive amounts of dopamine. Increase causes hallucinations by increasing brain signals to occipital and temporal lobes. Brain regions are too small/large. Ventricles w/in brain larger. Thalamus is smaller.
Psychological & social factors
Social factors alone don’t lead to this. Hallucinations Triggered by social stresses. 1st symptoms in teens to 20s.
ADHD
Hard to focus on repetitive boring tasks as well as levels of hyperactivity & impulsivity
Alzheimer’s dementia
Slow deterioration of intellectual functioning is a degenerative disease
