Chapter 3: Ethics

Question 1

3 basic ethical principles in the TCPS2

Answer 1

respect for persons (autonomy), concern for welfare (beneficence), justice

Question 2

Respect for persons

Answer 2

researchers must respect the autonomy of participants by enabling them to choose freely and without interference e.g. informed consent and debriefing

Question 3

Concern for welfare

Answer 3

researchers must attempt to minimize risks and maximize benefits from participating

Question 4

Justice

Answer 4

researchers must treat people fairly and equitably by spreading out the risks and benefits from participating

Question 5

Risk-benefit analysis

Answer 5

an evaluation of the potential hazards of conducting a study, weighed against the potential benefits to participants and to society

Question 6

What are the possible risks from participating in a study?

Answer 6

Physical harm, psychological/emotional harm, social risk, loss of privacy and confidentiality

Question 7

Informed consent

Answer 7

ethical principle that potential participants be informed in advance of all aspects of the research that might influence their decision to participate

Question 8

Confidentiality

Answer 8

ethical principle that information is kept private, with disclosure limited to the minimum people necessary

Question 9

Assent

Answer 9

agreement by a minor or someone who is not yet able to give legal consent to participate in a study

Question 10

What is included in a consent form?

Answer 10

purpose, procedures (including study duration), risks and benefits to participants and society, compensation, how confidentiality will be protected, assurance of voluntary participation and permission to withdraw without penalty, contact information

Question 11

3 important autonomy issues to consider

Answer 11

lack of autonomy (e.g. minors and adults with cognitive impairments), coercion, and secondary use of data

Question 12

Deception

Answer 12

any time a researcher misleads participants into believing something about a study that is not true (commission or lying) or leaving out some details (omission)

Question 13

Debriefing

Answer 13

an explanation of the purpose of the research given after participation

Question 14

What are the alternatives to deception?

Answer 14

role-playing, simulation studies, honest studies

Question 15

3 Rs of good animal practice in science

Answer 15

replacement, reduction, and refinement

Question 16

Replacement

Answer 16

replacing the use of animals with some alternative or avoiding the use of animals altogether

Question 17

Reduction

Answer 17

minimizing the number of animals being used

Question 18

Refinement

Answer 18

modifying procedures to minimize pain and distress

Question 19

Levels of risk

Answer 19

exempt research, minimal risk research, and greater than minimal risk research

Question 20

Exempt research

Answer 20

no risk to participants so exempt from REB review; when it (1) only uses publicly available data that is legally accessible (2) only involves people in public without intervention or interaction (3) uses data that has already been collected and are anonymous

Question 21

Minimal risk research

Answer 21

research that involves no greater risks to participants than they would typically encounter in their daily lives

Question 22

Greater than minimal risk research

Answer 22

research with topics of sensitive nature or with participants that are from a vulnerable population that is subject to thorough review by REB

Question 23

What are the two ways in which fraud is committed in science?

Answer 23

fabricating or making up data and collecting real data but altering the numbers to fit the hypothesis

Question 24

What are 3 practices researchers can adapt to build a more honest and accurate science?

Answer 24

disclosure, preregistration of studies, and open data and materials