Chapter 10: Research Designs for Special Circumstances Flashcards

1
Q

Program evaluation

A

research designed to evaluate programs (e.g. social reforms, innovations) that are designed to produce changes or certain outcomes in a target population

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2
Q

Questions that guide program evaluations

A

needs assessment, program theory assessment, process evaluation, outcome evaluation, efficiency assessment

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3
Q

2 key elements of a good/true experiment

A

manipulation (IV) and random assignment

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4
Q

Quasi-experimental designs

A

study design that has many features of an experiment, but lacks some aspects of a true experimental design due to necessity e.g. control conditions and random assignment (and can’t support causal inferences)

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5
Q

Types of quasi-experimental designs

A

one-group posttest only, one-group pretest-posttest, non-equivalent control group (posttest only), non-equivalent control group (pretest-posttest), interrupted time series, control series

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6
Q

One-group posttest only deisgn

A

has no control group and no pretest comparison; very poor in terms of internal validity

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7
Q

One-group pretest-posttest design

A

the effect of an independent variable is inferred from the pretest-posttest difference in a single group; fail to consider alternative explanations

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8
Q

Threats to internal validity

A

history, maturation, testing, instrument decay, regression toward the mean, attrition, selection effects, cohort effects

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9
Q

History effects

A

outside events not part of the manipulation (that occur after/around it) influence the DV, providing an alternative explanation for results

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10
Q

Maturation effects

A

any naturally occurring change within individuals that occurs over time could provide an alternative explanation for results

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11
Q

Testing effects

A

simply taking the pretest changes behavior, without any effect of the IV

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12
Q

Instrument decay

A

characteristics of the measurement instrument changes over time, providing an alternative explanation for results

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13
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

statistical phenomenon where extreme scores on a variable tend to be closer to the mean when a measurement is repeated

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14
Q

Non-equivalent control group design

A

groups of participants in the different conditions are not equivalent (e.g. naturally occurring/pre-existing groups) and there is no pretest

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15
Q

Seelection differences

A

pre-existing differences in the type of participants who make up each group in a between-subjects experimental design; happens when there is no random assignment

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16
Q

Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design

A

non-equivalent groups are used, but a pretest allows assessment of equivalency and pretest-posttest changes

17
Q

Interrupted time series design

A

a treatment (often a natural manipulation) is investigated by examining a series of measurements made over an extended time period, both before and after the treatment is introduced

18
Q

Control series design

A

an extension of the interrupted time series design in which there is a non-equivalent comparison or control group

19
Q

Single case experimental design

A

the effect of the IV is assessed using data from a single participant

20
Q

Baseline

A

form of control condition in which participant behavior is measured during a control period before introduction of the manipulation; used in single case experimental design

21
Q

Reversal design

A

treatment is introduced after a baseline period then withdrawn during a second baseline period; to increase certainty in the effect of an intervention

22
Q

Multiple baseline design

A

observing behavior before and after a manipulation under multiple circumstances (across different individuals, behaviors, or settings)

23
Q

Developmental research

A

study the way people change as a function of age; good internal validity but expensive and high attrition

24
Q

Longitudinal method

A

the same people are observed repeatedly as they grow older; similar to within-subjects design

25
Developmental research methods
longitudinal method, cross-sectional method, sequential method
26
Cross-sectional method
people of different ages are studied at a single point in time; similar to between-subjects design
27
Cohort
group of people born around the same time
28
Cohort effects
attitudes and beliefs influenced by popular discourse at formative times in people's lives; confounded with age in cross-sectional study
29
Sequential method
combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs to study developmental research
30
Potential outcomes of sequential design
(1) All cohorts show the same pattern no matter their current age (2) All ages show the same pattern in a particular year no matter what cohort