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GenMed test 1 > Chapter 3 - Diagnostic Imaging and Testing > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Diagnostic Imaging and Testing Flashcards

1
Q

X-rays

A
  • electromagnetic radiation
  • less dense tissue appears darker b/c radiation is not absorbed (lungs)
  • bone/calcium is white
  • fat is grey
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2
Q

Anteroposterior (AP) view

A
  • an image taken with the x-ray beam passing from anterior to posterior
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3
Q

Posteroanterior (PA) view

A

an image taken from back to front

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4
Q

Lateral view

A

taken from the side

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5
Q

Reasons for x-ray

A

fracture, boney abnormaility/deformity, tumor, arthritis, bone cancer, foreign object, infection or dental caries

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6
Q

X-ray side effects

A
  • do NOT take if woman is pregnant

- slight chance of developing certain types of cancer

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7
Q

Radionuclide Bone scan

A
  • nuclear imaging test involving the injection of a short-lived radionuclide to assess bone abnormalities
  • tracer emits gamma rays and is attracted to metabolic activity, it is inserted into the brachial vein
  • 30 mins to 2 hours
  • pt. may feel some warmth as it circulates
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8
Q

Radionuclide Bone Scan process

A
  • pt. lies still as special camera moves around them
  • camera identifies areas of increased metabolic activity in bone
  • areas of inflammation/injury to bone will appear dark and are called “hot spots”. lighter areas show normal tissue and bone
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9
Q

Radionuclide bone scan purpose

A

stress fractures, bone infections, bone cancer, and arthritis

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10
Q

Risks for radionuclide bone scan

A
  • ask pt. if they’re allergic to red dye before injection
  • pregnant = no scan
  • drink water after to flush out tracer
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11
Q

Fluoroscopy

A
  • “live” image to determine the size, shape, and movement of tissue
  • commonly found in ATR of large universities and professional athletic training venues
  • quick/noninvasive way of determining whether a fracture has occured
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12
Q

Fluoroscopy shows…

A
  • radiation passes through skin
  • dense areas (bone) appear white, (lungs) appear darker
  • blood flow, tumors, fractures, organs, foreign bodies, and some soft tissue
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13
Q

Risks for fluoroscopy

A

slight chance of developing certain types of cancer

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14
Q

Computed Tomography (CT scan)

A
  • high resolution radiographs with computers to give better visuals of internal structures in cross-section or three dimensions
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15
Q

CT works

A
  • passing rotation beams of x-rays through the pt. and measuring the transmission at thousands of points
  • exposes pt. to 10-100 times the radiation of an x-ray
  • pt. may be injected with die or asked to consume barium
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16
Q

CT shows…

A
  • internal organs
  • bone
  • soft tissue
  • blood vessels
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17
Q

CT risks

A
  • developing certain types of cancer
  • pt. may have an allergic reaction to the contrast dye
  • no pregnancy
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18
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan

A
  • examines the cell metabolism and biochemistry of tissue and organs
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19
Q

PET scan shows

A
  • identify abnormal metabolic activity before it becomes apparent on a CT or MRI scan (will appear dark)
  • certain types of cancer
  • thyroid conditions
  • infections
  • bleeding
  • kidney functions
20
Q

PET scan procedure

A
  • pt. administered a glucose-based radionuclide injection IV, or takes tablets by mouth
  • pt. must remain still at all times
21
Q

PET risks

A
  • exposed to low-dose radiation
  • allergies to the dyes
  • drink lots of water after to flush radionuclides from the system
  • no pregnancy
22
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A
  • applies a magnetic field to the body
  • aligns the body atoms in such a way that they generate radio waves
  • frequency of radio waves is related to the location and chemical environment of the atoms
23
Q

MRI shows…

A
  • tumors
  • musculoskeletal injureis
  • soft tissue conditions
  • fractures
  • bleeding
24
Q

MRI risks

A
  • claustrophobic

- pregnancy

25
Q

Diagnostic Ultrasound (Sonography)

A
  • high-frequency sound waves that penetrate the body to produce images of internal structures in “real time”
  • produced by magnitude and timing of returning echoes (tissue density)
26
Q

Ultrasound shows…

A
  • tumors, enlarged lymph nodes, heart abnormalities, soft tissue injury, bleeding and fetal development
27
Q

Ultrasound risks

A
  • safe for pregnant women

- no documented side effects

28
Q

Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies

A
  • measures the electrical activity in a muscle
  • EMG insertes a needle into a muscle and recording electrical activity
  • NCS stimulates a nerve via needle and recording strength/amount of time
  • results are displayed on oscilloscope or audio signal
  • groups of muscles are tested
29
Q

EMG/NCS shows…

A
  • cause of muscle weakness
  • abnormal nerve conduction
  • muscular dystrophy
  • myasthenia gravis
  • amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
30
Q

EMG/NCS risks

A
  • possibility of slight soreness later
31
Q

Electrocardiography

A
  • determine whether the electrical activity of the heart is normal
32
Q

Electrocardiography procedure

A
  • electrodes are placed on the chest/extremities
  • detects the electrical activity of the heart
  • charted on a graph
33
Q

Electrocardiography shows…

A
  • ischemia
  • heart attack
  • pericarditis
  • valvular disorders
  • electrolyte imalances
  • palpations
  • angina
  • *no associated risks
34
Q

Holter Monitor

A
  • worn by pt.
  • traces electrical activity of heart
  • monitor is worn for 24 hours to 1 month
  • pt. must keep a diary of activity and record any symptoms
  • *no risks
35
Q

Cardiac Stress Test

A
  • heart’s rhythm during exercise

- for pt. with several risk factors/coronary heart disease, ischemia and angina

36
Q

Cardiac stress test procedure

A
  • pt. is connected to ECG machine, blood pressure cuff, and pulse oximeter
  • pt. walks on treadmill or stationary bike
  • 3 minute interval intensity
  • continue exercise until fatigue for maximal stress test
37
Q

Laparoscopy

A
  • small incision made in abdomen and scope is inserted
  • abdomen is distended with gas
  • diagnoses surgical procedures for gallbladder, appendix, uterus, and colon
38
Q

Colonoscopy

A
  • scope inserted through rectum
  • allows physician to identify abnormalities
  • for adults 50 and older unless there is a history of problems
  • early indication of colon cancer or polyps
39
Q

Urinalysis/complete blood count

A

most common and traditional laboratory tests

40
Q

Urinalysis

A
  • pH, protein, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, hemoglobin, nitrite, leukocyte, urobilinogen, specific gravity levels
41
Q

Urinalysis indicates…

A
  • UTI
  • diabetes
  • starvation
  • liver problems
  • intravascular hemolysis
  • bleeding
  • renal damage
  • illicit drugs
  • steroids
  • alcohol
  • pregnancy
42
Q

Complete blood count (CBC)

A
  • examines specific components of whole blood

- WBC counts

43
Q

Pulse Oximeter

A
  • measures the amount of oxygen saturation in a persons blood
  • normal = 95% - 100%
  • below 95% indicate hypoxia
  • below 85% indicate a critical condition
  • influenced by sunlight and dark nail polish
44
Q

Normal Urine Values

A
  • pH = acidic
  • Specific gravity = 1.003 - 1.030
  • protein = negative
  • glucose = negative
  • red/white BC =
45
Q

Normal Adult Values for Blood Count

A
  • WBC = 3.8-10.8

- absolute neutrophils = 1500-1700 cells

GenMed test 1 (5 decks)

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