Chapter 3 - Diagnostic Imaging and Testing Flashcards
1
Q
X-rays
A
- electromagnetic radiation
- less dense tissue appears darker b/c radiation is not absorbed (lungs)
- bone/calcium is white
- fat is grey
2
Q
Anteroposterior (AP) view
A
- an image taken with the x-ray beam passing from anterior to posterior
3
Q
Posteroanterior (PA) view
A
an image taken from back to front
4
Q
Lateral view
A
taken from the side
5
Q
Reasons for x-ray
A
fracture, boney abnormaility/deformity, tumor, arthritis, bone cancer, foreign object, infection or dental caries
6
Q
X-ray side effects
A
- do NOT take if woman is pregnant
- slight chance of developing certain types of cancer
7
Q
Radionuclide Bone scan
A
- nuclear imaging test involving the injection of a short-lived radionuclide to assess bone abnormalities
- tracer emits gamma rays and is attracted to metabolic activity, it is inserted into the brachial vein
- 30 mins to 2 hours
- pt. may feel some warmth as it circulates
8
Q
Radionuclide Bone Scan process
A
- pt. lies still as special camera moves around them
- camera identifies areas of increased metabolic activity in bone
- areas of inflammation/injury to bone will appear dark and are called “hot spots”. lighter areas show normal tissue and bone
9
Q
Radionuclide bone scan purpose
A
stress fractures, bone infections, bone cancer, and arthritis
10
Q
Risks for radionuclide bone scan
A
- ask pt. if they’re allergic to red dye before injection
- pregnant = no scan
- drink water after to flush out tracer
11
Q
Fluoroscopy
A
- “live” image to determine the size, shape, and movement of tissue
- commonly found in ATR of large universities and professional athletic training venues
- quick/noninvasive way of determining whether a fracture has occured
12
Q
Fluoroscopy shows…
A
- radiation passes through skin
- dense areas (bone) appear white, (lungs) appear darker
- blood flow, tumors, fractures, organs, foreign bodies, and some soft tissue
13
Q
Risks for fluoroscopy
A
slight chance of developing certain types of cancer
14
Q
Computed Tomography (CT scan)
A
- high resolution radiographs with computers to give better visuals of internal structures in cross-section or three dimensions
15
Q
CT works
A
- passing rotation beams of x-rays through the pt. and measuring the transmission at thousands of points
- exposes pt. to 10-100 times the radiation of an x-ray
- pt. may be injected with die or asked to consume barium
16
Q
CT shows…
A
- internal organs
- bone
- soft tissue
- blood vessels
17
Q
CT risks
A
- developing certain types of cancer
- pt. may have an allergic reaction to the contrast dye
- no pregnancy
18
Q
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan
A
- examines the cell metabolism and biochemistry of tissue and organs
19
Q
PET scan shows
A
- identify abnormal metabolic activity before it becomes apparent on a CT or MRI scan (will appear dark)
- certain types of cancer
- thyroid conditions
- infections
- bleeding
- kidney functions
20
Q
PET scan procedure
A
- pt. administered a glucose-based radionuclide injection IV, or takes tablets by mouth
- pt. must remain still at all times
21
Q
PET risks
A
- exposed to low-dose radiation
- allergies to the dyes
- drink lots of water after to flush radionuclides from the system
- no pregnancy
22
Q
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A
- applies a magnetic field to the body
- aligns the body atoms in such a way that they generate radio waves
- frequency of radio waves is related to the location and chemical environment of the atoms
23
Q
MRI shows…
A
- tumors
- musculoskeletal injureis
- soft tissue conditions
- fractures
- bleeding
24
Q
MRI risks
A
- claustrophobic
- pregnancy
25
Diagnostic Ultrasound (Sonography)
- high-frequency sound waves that penetrate the body to produce images of internal structures in "real time"
- produced by magnitude and timing of returning echoes (tissue density)
26
Ultrasound shows...
- tumors, enlarged lymph nodes, heart abnormalities, soft tissue injury, bleeding and fetal development
27
Ultrasound risks
- safe for pregnant women
| - no documented side effects
28
Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies
- measures the electrical activity in a muscle
- EMG insertes a needle into a muscle and recording electrical activity
- NCS stimulates a nerve via needle and recording strength/amount of time
- results are displayed on oscilloscope or audio signal
- groups of muscles are tested
29
EMG/NCS shows...
- cause of muscle weakness
- abnormal nerve conduction
- muscular dystrophy
- myasthenia gravis
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
30
EMG/NCS risks
- possibility of slight soreness later
31
Electrocardiography
- determine whether the electrical activity of the heart is normal
32
Electrocardiography procedure
- electrodes are placed on the chest/extremities
- detects the electrical activity of the heart
- charted on a graph
33
Electrocardiography shows...
- ischemia
- heart attack
- pericarditis
- valvular disorders
- electrolyte imalances
- palpations
- angina
- *no associated risks
34
Holter Monitor
- worn by pt.
- traces electrical activity of heart
- monitor is worn for 24 hours to 1 month
- pt. must keep a diary of activity and record any symptoms
- *no risks
35
Cardiac Stress Test
- heart's rhythm during exercise
| - for pt. with several risk factors/coronary heart disease, ischemia and angina
36
Cardiac stress test procedure
- pt. is connected to ECG machine, blood pressure cuff, and pulse oximeter
- pt. walks on treadmill or stationary bike
- 3 minute interval intensity
- continue exercise until fatigue for maximal stress test
37
Laparoscopy
- small incision made in abdomen and scope is inserted
- abdomen is distended with gas
- diagnoses surgical procedures for gallbladder, appendix, uterus, and colon
38
Colonoscopy
- scope inserted through rectum
- allows physician to identify abnormalities
- for adults 50 and older unless there is a history of problems
- early indication of colon cancer or polyps
39
Urinalysis/complete blood count
most common and traditional laboratory tests
40
Urinalysis
- pH, protein, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, hemoglobin, nitrite, leukocyte, urobilinogen, specific gravity levels
41
Urinalysis indicates...
- UTI
- diabetes
- starvation
- liver problems
- intravascular hemolysis
- bleeding
- renal damage
- illicit drugs
- steroids
- alcohol
- pregnancy
42
Complete blood count (CBC)
- examines specific components of whole blood
| - WBC counts
43
Pulse Oximeter
- measures the amount of oxygen saturation in a persons blood
- normal = 95% - 100%
- below 95% indicate hypoxia
- below 85% indicate a critical condition
- influenced by sunlight and dark nail polish
44
Normal Urine Values
- pH = acidic
- Specific gravity = 1.003 - 1.030
- protein = negative
- glucose = negative
- red/white BC =
45
Normal Adult Values for Blood Count
- WBC = 3.8-10.8
| - absolute neutrophils = 1500-1700 cells
