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business management > chapter 3 d-g > Flashcards

chapter 3 d-g Flashcards

1
Q

Computer-aided design (CAD)

A

a digital design tool that enables businesses to generate and modify technical illustrations of a product.

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2
Q

Computer-aided design efficiency

A

• It can reduce the time and labour resources used to design a product which improves productivity.

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3
Q

Computer-aided design effectiveness

A

• A business can use CAD to develop various prototypes and choose the best design to produce. Choosing the best option enables the business to manufacture the highest quality design which can meet the objective of increasing customer satisfaction and sales

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4
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of computer-aided design

A

ADVANTAGES
• Greater accuracy in the design process results in a consistent level of quality which can improve the business’s reputation
• Allows employees to be more creative.
• Speeds up the design process.

DISADVANTAGES
• The business can develop a poor reputation if CAD makes numerous employees redundant
• Employees may be made redundant by this technology.
• Expensive in the short term due to purchasing and installing this technology

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5
Q

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

A

a software used to control and direct the production process by controlling machinery and equipment through a computer

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6
Q

Computer-aided manufacturing efficiency

A

• CAM does not require machinery to be manually reset by humans which reduces the amount of time and labour resources used in operations which improves productivity.
• CAM is generally more accurate than humans which reduces the amount of waste that occurs during production which is an optimal use of resources.

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7
Q

Computer-aided manufacturing effectiveness

A

• The increased accuracy of CAM creates products with a consistent level of quality which can meet the objective of increasing customer satisfaction and sales.

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8
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of computer-aided manufacturing

A

ADVANTAGES
• Greater accuracy results in a consistent level of quality which can improve the business’s reputation
• Removes tedious processes involved in the manufacturing process which could be boring for employees.
• Can remove many roles completed by employees which reduces wage expenses.

DISADVANTAGES
• The business can develop a poor reputation if CAM makes numerous employees redundant
• Employees may be made redundant by this technology.
• Sudden breakdowns can halt production altogether and compromise productivity

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9
Q

Automated production lines

A

machinery and equipment which are arranged in a sequence, and the product is developed as it proceeds through each step.

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10
Q

Automated production lines efficiency

A

• Can perform at a speed which is usually much faster than humans, improving productivity.

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11
Q

Automated production lines effectiveness

A

• Allows for a high degree of accuracy which decreases the number of errors that occur during production. Reducing the amount of errors enhances the overall quality of the final product which can meet the objective of increasing customer satisfaction and sales.

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12
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of automated production lines

A

ADVANTAGES
• Increased accuracy provides a consistent level of the quality of products which can improve the business’s reputation.
• Allows employees to avoid mundane, repetitive and potentially dangerous tasks
• Production can run 24/7.

DISADVANTAGES
• The business can develop a poor reputation if CAD makes numerous employees redundant.
• Employees can be made redundant due to this technology replacing their role.
• Sudden breakdowns of this technology can halt production altogether and compromise productivity.

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13
Q

Website development

A

the creation and improvement of online web pages controlled by a business that customers can use to discover information about the business and purchase their goods or services at any time.

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14
Q

Website development efficiency

A

• Providing information about the business online, such as return policies, can save customer service staff time and improve their productivity

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15
Q

Website development effectiveness

A

• Establishing an online business is less expensive than having a physical store presence which can reduce expenses and meet the objective of increased profits.
• Website development allows a business to reach a wider audience nationally and globally which can meet the objective of increased sales.

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16
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of website development

A

ADVANTAGES
• Website development establishes a platform that enables easy access to customer feedback
• Businesses can publish information on its website which can reduce the amount of customer service staff spend on answering commonly asked questions
• Information, such as a business’s return policy, is readily available for customers to access on a website, such as return policies, saving customer service staff time

DISADVANTAGES
• The business can develop a poor reputation if website development makes numerous employees redundant.
• Employees may be made redundant by this technology
• Time consuming to develop and maintain

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17
Q

Forecasting

A

materials planning tool that predicts customer demand for an upcoming period using past data and market trends

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18
Q

Forecasting efficiency

A

• Forecasting decreases the likelihood of ordering and storing excessive stock which optimises the use of resources by reducing wastage.
• Having enough materials minimises halts to production which improves productivity

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19
Q

Forecasting effectiveness

A

• Forecasting increases a business’s ability to meet customer demand which can meet the objective of increasing customer satisfaction and sales.

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20
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of forecasting

A

ADVANTAGES
• Informed decisions about materials can improve a business’s ability to meet customer demand which improves its reputation.
• Can reduce the cost of storage as it prevents the need for a large space to store materials

DISADVANTAGES
• A business may be unable to meet unexpected increases in customer demand which may damage their reputation.
• It can be time consuming to analyse historical data and market trends
• Businesses may need to hire employees specifically for forecasting which incurs training and wage costs.

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21
Q

master production schedule (MPS)

A

a plan that outlines what a business intends to produce, in its specific quantities, within a set period of time.

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22
Q

Master production schedule efficiency

A

• Prevents a business from producing an excessive amount of products which optimises the use of resources by reducing wastage.
• Promotes an organised operations system and minimises the number of avoidable errors that occur which improves productivity by reducing the number of interruptions to production

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23
Q

Master production schedule effectiveness

A

• A business is more likely to produce an amount that meets customer demand which meets the objective of meeting customer satisfaction and increasing sales

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24
Q

 Advantages and disadvantages of master production schedule

A

ADVANTAGES
• Can provide employees with a clear schedule of operations that includes the timeline and quantity of production target
• By determining specific details about how production will occur, it is less likely production will be brought to a halt and time is wasted due to an organisation error
• By determining production targets, businesses are more likely to meet customer demand. Meeting customer demand can increase sales and increase a business’s net profit figures

DISADVANTAGES
• Businesses that are constantly changing details of their operations system may find a master production schedule unhelpful as it is not a flexible program.
• It can be time consuming to map out details of production
• Implementing and maintaining this plan can be expensive

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25
Q

Materials requirement planning

A

a process that itemises the types and quantities of materials required to meet production targets set out in the master production schedule

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26
Q

Materials requirement planning efficiency

A

• Having the exact materials required reduces avoidable halts in production which enhances productivity by allowing operations to flow smoothly.
• Having the exact materials needed for production reduces the amount of excessive stock that expires or becomes damaged in storage which optimises resources by reducing wastage.

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27
Q

Materials requirement planning effectiveness

A

• Ensures there is sufficient materials to meet customer demand. Meeting customer demand helps meet the objective of increasing customer satisfaction and sales.

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28
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of materials requirement planning

A

ADVANTAGES
• By determining the exact materials required, it is less likely that production will halt due to insufficient materials or organisational errors
• Accurate ordering of the quantities of material required avoids excess storage and therefore reduces associated expenses.

DISADVANTAGES
• It can be time consuming to constantly update and maintain the materials plan.
• Implementing and maintaining the materials plan can incur costs.

29
Q

Just in time (JIT)

A

an inventory control approach that delivers the correct type and quantity of materials as soon as they are needed for production.

30
Q

Just in time efficiency

A

• Holding minimal stock can free up space that can now be optimised to increase production.

31
Q

Just in time effectiveness

A

• Costs saved from reducing storage space can be used in other areas of the business, such as sales and marketing, which can meet the objective of increasing sales.
• A reduction in idle stock can reduce expenses associated with waste which can meet the objective of increased profits

32
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of just in time

A

ADVANTAGES
• Improves a business’s reputation by having a minimal impact on the environment. This reputation is achieved as JIT eliminates idle stock which reduces the amount of stock wasted from expiry or damage in storage.
• Able to switch to the production of a different product without high wastage as there is minimal material on hand to go through.
• Reduces storage costs and costs associated with waste meaning this money can be used in other areas of the business

DISADVANTAGES
• A business may fail to meet customer demand from a lack of reserve stock and damage a business’s reputation
• If suppliers are unreliable and fail to deliver the correct materials at the right time, production may be brought to a halt.
• Delivery costs may increase due to more frequent deliveries.

33
Q

Quality control

A

is inspections at various stages of the production process to ensure products meet designated standards and unsatisfactory products are discarded. It is also the comparison between a good or service and its predetermined standards. This strategy is reactive as it detects and eliminates defects after they occur.

34
Q

For quality control to be implemented properly, it requires the following steps:

A
  1. Standards of quality are established.
  2. Inspections are regularly conducted.
  3. A good or service is compared against set standards.
  4. A good or service is removed if it does not meet the set standards.
  5. The cause of the error is fixed to prevent further errors.
35
Q

Quality control efficiency

A

• Identifying and fixing the cause of an error prevents the error from reoccurring which results in less waste being created during production. Reducing waste is an optimal use of resources.
• Identifying and fixing the cause of an error reduces the number of potential errors that could halt production, enabling the operations system to flow continuously without interference

36
Q

Quality control effectiveness

A

• Eliminating errors prevents customers from receiving faulty products which can meet the objectives of satisfying customers and increasing number of sales

37
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of quality control

A

ADVANTAGES
• Preventing customers from receiving a faulty good or service can improve a business’s reputation for having consistently high quality products.
• Can reduce the number of refunds required for faulty goods or services.
• The strategy is relatively inexpensive as it is internally controlled by the business.

DISADVANTAGES
• Unless every product is inspected, inferior goods may still reach a customer and lead to a reputation for poor quality.
It can be time consuming to identify the causes of errors.
• Errors are eliminated after they happen which can incur costs associated with waste.
• It can be time consuming to identify the causes of errors.

38
Q

Quality assurance

A

a business achieving a certified standard of quality in its production after an independent body assesses its operations system.

39
Q

Quality assurance efficiency

A

• Preventing errors before they occur reduces the number of faulty products produced, which reduces the amount of waste generated. Reducing waste is an optimal use of resources.
• Preventing errors before they occur reduces the number of halts to production occurring due to finding and fixing causes of faulty products.

40
Q

Quality assurance effectiveness

A

• Customers are more likely to purchase a good or service with a certified standard of quality which can meet the objective of increasing a business’s number of sales.

41
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of quality assurance

A

ADVANTAGES
• Quality assurance reduces waste from errors, which improves the environmental reputation of a business.
• A reduced number of errors enables production to flow smoothly
• Can be used as a marketing tool to increase sales.

DISADVANTAGES
• Employees may have to be trained and comply with the new procedures.
• Documenting the operations system for the external body to check could be time consuming.
• It can be expensive to organise an external body to assess an operations system

42
Q

Total quality management (TQM) is

A

a holistic approach where all employees are committed to continuously improving a business’s operations system to enhance the quality for customers.

43
Q

TQM is a proactive strategy to quality and includes three key features:

A
  1. Customer focus, which is identifying and fulfilling the customers’ exact needs and wants from a business’s goods or services.
  2. Continuous improvement, which is the process of constantly evaluating the way things are done and identifying methods to achieve a higher standard.
  3. Employee empowerment, which is fostering teamwork and employee participation within the business environment so employees are involved in developing solutions to improving quality. This empowerment can be done through quality circles where employees initiate and share ideas to improve quality.
44
Q

Total quality management efficiency

A

• Continuously improving the quality of the production system to prevent errors reduces the number of faulty products that go to waste. Reducing waste is an optimal use of resources.

45
Q

Total quality management effectiveness

A

• By determining the needs and wants of a customer, TQM can meet the objectives of improving customer satisfaction and increasing sales.

46
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of total quality management

A

ADVANTAGES
• A business can adapt TQM to suit their specific business requirements
• Employees may feel valued and satisfied by being empowered in the process of improving quality
• Being proactive prevents errors from occurring which reduces waste and its associated expenses

DISADVANTAGES
• Employees may feel confused about their role in improving quality if managers fail to communicate the TQM strategy clearly
• It can take a long time for a business to enjoy the benefits of TQM as it requires a shift in culture.
• May incur costs as employees have to be trained to continuously identify methods to improve quality.

47
Q

Quality control (QC) & quality assurance (QA) similarities

A

• Both strategies reduce the amount of faulty products reaching customers.
• Both strategies require a good or service meeting set standards.

48
Q

Quality control (QC) & quality assurance (QA) differences

A

• QC is reactive as it identifies and eliminates errors after they occur. QA is proactive as it prevents errors occurring.
• QC does not involve external certification. QA is a business receiving certification after they meet standards set by an external body.

49
Q

Quality control (QC) & TQM similarities

A

• Both strategies can be implemented to see notable improvements in quality in the final output.
• Both strategies are internally controlled and involve employees assessing quality

50
Q

Quality control (QC) & TQM differences

A

• QC focuses on setting predetermined standards of quality in the first stage of this strategy. TQM focuses on continuously developing and improving standards.
• QC is reactive as it identifies and eliminates error after they occur. TQM is proactive as it aims to prevent errors

51
Q

Quality assurance (QA) & TQM similarities

A

• Both strategies are proactive as they prevent errors from occurring.
• Both strategies improve the processes of producing a good or service.

52
Q

Quality assurance (QA) & TQM differences

A

• QA focuses on meeting set standards of quality to gain external certification, whereas TQM focuses on internally developing and improving standards within the business.
• TQM does not involve external certification. QA is a business
receiving certification after they meet standards set by an external body.

53
Q

Waste minimisation

A

the process of reducing the amount of unused material, time or labour within a business. It also involves actively reducing the amount of defective, unused, returned or discarded materials by a business

54
Q

Reduce

A

Decreasing the amount of products, labour or time discarded during production.

55
Q

Reuse

A

Making use of items which would have otherwise been discarded.

56
Q

Recycle

A

Transform items which would have otherwise been discarded.

57
Q

waste minimisation efficiency

A

• By only using the required amount of materials, time etc, a business can produce items faster, increasing their rate of production

58
Q

waste minimisation effectiveness

A

• Reducing waste lowers operational costs which can allow for a business to offer lower prices to customers. This can assist in meeting the objective of increasing customer satisfaction and sales.

59
Q

Lean management

A

the process of systematically reducing waste in all areas of production while improving customer value.

60
Q

Pull

A

customers determining the amount of products a business should produce for sale.

61
Q

One-piece-flow

A

a single product moving through all stages of production one at a time.

62
Q

Takt

A

synchronising production steps to meet customer demand

63
Q

Zero defects

A

preventing defects from occurring in the production process

64
Q

lean management efficiency

A

• Pull: reduces overproduction and minimises waste of materials, time, and labour.
• One-piece-flow: reduces the number of errors in production by only producing one unit at a time.
• Takt: optimises the flow of materials between stages and production, reducing time being wasted.
• Zero defects: employees and the business aim to continuously reduce waste and encouraged to anticipate faults.

65
Q

lean management effectiveness

A

• Pull: gain products at the right quality which ensures customer needs and expectations of value are met.
• One-piece-flow: only maintains processes which add value to customers, improving their satisfaction.
• Takt: improves the flow of processes and optimises the production of goods, improving customer satisfaction.
• Zero defects: aiming for continuous improvement may lead to customers receiving products with no defects and of quality, improving their satisfaction.

66
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of lean management.

A

ADVANTAGES
• Business reputation is improved as they are actively reducing and managing waste which benefits the environment.
• May improve employee satisfaction as they are actively involved in reducing waste in operations which has a positive effect on the environment
• Reduces the overall use of materials, which leads to less production costs

DISADVANTAGES
• Employees may be reluctant to commit to an attitude of zero defects due to the effort and commitment required
• May be overwhelming for employees as there is a continuous goal for the improvement of processes and waste minimisation.
• Can be costly to implement as employees may need to be trained when production processes are altered.

67
Q

Waste minimisation and Lean management differences

A

• Can be implemented quickly by an operations manager.
• Focuses on reducing waste to immediately reduce costs.

• A systematic process that is time consuming to implement.
• Can involve principles that should be implemented to minimise waste in all areas of operations.
• Focuses on providing value to the end customer.

68
Q

Waste minimisation and Lean management similarities

A

• Aims to reduce waste in materials, labour, time and products.

business management (9 decks)

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