Chapter 3 - Conservative and Neo-Conservative Paradigms

Question 1

What is an ideology?

Answer 1

An ideology is a shared way of thinking based on a set of ideas that reflect values, beliefs, attitudes, and experiences of a particular person or group

Question 2

All ideologies offer an account of the ______ order, usually in the form of a worldview

Answer 2

existing

Question 3

All ideologies provide a model of a desired ______, a vision of the “Good society”

Answer 3

future

Question 4

All ideologies outline how _______ ______ can and should be brought about

Answer 4

political change

Question 5

What is political ideology?

Answer 5

The modern, social scientific meaning of the term, sees ideology as an action-orientated belief system, an interrelated set of ideas that in some way guides or inspires political action

Question 6

Where do the terms “Left” and “Right “ come from?

Answer 6

The terms originate from the seating of the members of the newly elected French Legislative Assembly in 1789 during the French Revolution

Question 7

Ideologies are not ______ _______ of thought

Answer 7

sealed systems

Question 8

Ideologies are ______ _____ of ideas that overlap with one another at a number of points

Answer 8

fluid sets

Question 9

Both radicals and reactionaries _______ during periods of hard times

Answer 9

proliferate

Question 10

Both radicals and reactionaries are _______ in their ideas

Answer 10

inflexible; no compromise

Question 11

Both radicals and reactionaries are ________ to resort to violence

Answer 11

susceptible

Question 12

What is the foundation of the right side of the political spectrum?

Answer 12

Preserve the status quo, oppose change

Question 13

What is the foundation of the left side of the political spectrum?

Answer 13

Change the foundations of society

Question 14

What is the foundation of the centre of the political spectrum?

Answer 14

Expand the scope of freedom, accept change, assert the primacy of individual rights, develop market economy and political pluralism

Question 15

When did conservative ideas first emerge?

Answer 15

Conservative ideas first emerged in the late 18th and early 19th century.

Question 16

Why did conservative ideas first emerge?

Answer 16

They arose as a reaction against the growing place of economic and political change, which was in many ways symbolized by the French Revolution

Question 17

In trying to resist the pressures caused by the growth of liberalism, socialism and communism, conservatism stood in defence of:

Answer 17

tradition

Question 18

Although not entirely opposed to change, conservatism supports __________ ______ and ______ _____.

Answer 18

traditional values; social roles

Question 19

__________ is important in terms of economic advancement- that is, people are encouraged to compete, work hard, and accumulate wealth and property

Answer 19

Individualism

Question 20

What is tradition (as an element of conservatism)?

Answer 20

Tradition is the central theme of conservative thought, “the desire to conserve” is closely linked to the perceived virtues of tradition, respect for established customs, and institutions that have endured through times.

Question 21

In this view, tradition reflects the ___________ ______ of the past and institutions and practices that have been “tested by time” and should be preserved

Answer 21

accumulated wisdoms

Question 22

Tradition also has the virtue of promoting ________ and _______, giving individuals a sense of social and historical belonging

Answer 22

stability; security

Question 23

What is pragmatism?

Answer 23

Pragmatism is the belief that action should be shaped by practical circumstances and practical goals, that is, by ‘what works’

Question 24

What is pragmatism in terms of an element of conservatism?

Answer 24

Conservatives have traditionally emphasized the limitations of human rationality, which arise from the infinite complexity of the world in which we live

Question 25

In pragmatism, abstract principles and systems of thought are therefore distrusted, and instead faith is placed in _________, and _______ above all.

Answer 25

experiences; history

Question 26

What is the element of human imperfection in conservatism?

Answer 26

The conservative view of human nature is broadly pessimistic. In this view, human beings are limited, dependent, and security-seeking creatures, drawn to the familiar and the tried and tested.

Question 27

In Human imperfection, individuals are morally _______: they are tainted by selfishness, greed, and the thirst for power

Answer 27

corrupt

Question 28

In the view of Human Imperfection, the maintenance of order requires a _______ state, the enforcement of ____ laws, and _____ penalties

Answer 28

strong; strict; stiff

Question 29

What is the purpose of hierarchies in conservatism?

Answer 29

In the conservative view, social position and status are natural and inevitable in an organic society.

Question 30

In the conservative view, hierarchy and inequality do not give rise to _________, because society is bound together by mutual obligations and duties

Answer 30

conflict

Question 31

What is the role of property in conservatism?

Answer 31

Conservatives see property ownership as being vital because it gives people security and a measure of independence from government, and it encourages them to respect the law and the property of others

Question 32

According to the neoconservative view, “We continue to use the traditional term conservatism because we see no ____________ _____ in ideology”

Answer 32

fundamental change

Question 33

Others suggest that neoconservatism is an _________ form of conservatism

Answer 33

extreme

Question 34

Conservative policies failed at fostering a stable economy during ______ and _____________ in the 1930s

Answer 34

WWII; The Great Depression

Question 35

In the 1930s, it was the belief that governments needed to play a role in regulating their _________ and that the _________-______ paradigm were ineffective for the welfare of society

Answer 35

economies; lassiez-faire

Question 36

During the 1930s, the liberal economic policies of ______ ______ ______ also known as __________ Economics along with new social policies

Answer 36

John Maynard Keynes; Keynesian

Question 37

Keyne’s liberal economic policies used ___________ funds to create a stronger society that was more ____________ and socially just through the intervention of ________ in the labour market

Answer 37

government; equitable; government

Question 38

During the oil crisis in _______ and the recession of the ______, was when the rise of _________ first occured.

Answer 38

1973; 1980s; neoconservatism

Question 39

The rise of neoconservatism occured when conservatives failed to acknowledge that the __________ on ____ imports served as the major cause of the economic crisis

Answer 39

reliance; oil

Question 40

What did conservatives readily blame the recession on?

Answer 40

Liberal economic policies

Question 41

Neoconservatism rose to the occasion with a new fervor for a ___________

Answer 41

dominant conservative ideology