Chapter 3: Conducting ethical Research Flashcards
Ethics
A system of moral principles and standards
Nuremberg Code
- A set of ethical principles essential for medical experiment to be “permissible”
- In world war 2 the nazis committed horrible acts on the jews to further their research about the human bodily response without participants consent
- benefits must outweigh the risks
- participants can withdraw whenever
- no unnecessary risk to participants
Belmont Report
An ethics code that provides the foundation for U.S federal regulations governing research on humans -this report came form the Tuskegee Syphillis study -respect -beneficence -Justice 3 PRINCIPLES GOVERN -participant selection -consent -risk-benefit assessment
Tuskegee syphyllis study
40 year old black men potentially diagnosed with syphyliss
-2/3 diagnosed but no one was treated for purpose of study
Common Rule
A United States federal policy that specifies ethic regulations for human subjects research
APA Ethics code
general ethical principles, and specific ethical standards to guide psychologists professional behaviour Beneficence nonmalieficence Fidelity and Responsibility Integrity Justice
Canadas tri-council policy
Research for humans must have respect for…
- dignity
- informed consent
- vulnerable persons
- privacy and confidentiality
- Justice and Inclusion
- Research must minimize risks and maximize benefits
Beneficence and nonmaleficence
Beneficence: Strive to benefit those they work with
Nonmaleficence: strive to not harm those they work with
Fidelity and Responsibility
Fidelity: Psychologists should behave in a trustworthy manner
Responsibility: adhering to professional codes of conduct, not exploiting people
Integrity
Psychologists should be honest and truthful
Justice
Participants must be treated fairly during research process, science should be made available so all can benefit from it
Respect for peoples rights and dignity
Everyone has rights to privacy and confidentiality
treat everyone fair: prisoners, children, disabled
CPA ETHICS CODE
respect for dignity
responsible caring
integrity in relationships
responsibility to society
Institution Review Board in States (IRB) /Research Ethics Board in Canada (REB)
in charge of approving studies, declining studies, or inquiring investigations
must consist of 5 MEMBERS OF VARYING BACKGROUNDS
-not associated with institution
-one member with scientific background
-non scientific background
Review process of studies for IRB/REB
Exempt From Review: No review needed, data is anonymous, already exists
Expedited Review: Quickly reviewed by 1-2 members
Full IRB Review: little risk in experiment, lengthy and reviewed by committee
minimal risk
probability of magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinary encountered in daily life or in performance of routine physical or psychological examinations
Risk of Physical Harm: and provide example!
Physical Injury or other discomfort
stressors influence behaviour (Noise, sleep deprivations)
Risk of Psychological Harm: and provide example!
Negative emotions to self esteem or other psychological distress
anxiety caused from task or environment Sexual harassment interview)
Risk of social harm and loss of privacy (HOW CAN RISKS BE LOWERED)
Info about a person becomes known and undesirable social consequences follow
sensitive information
Risks can be lowered by…
Anonymity and confidentiality
Risk of Economic and Legal Harm and provide example!
risk of legal harm can over lap with considerations of privacy and social harm
(getting into a car accident if sleep deprived from experiment)
Elements of informed consent 8 POINTS
1) Purpose and nature of research
2) anticipated risks, discomfort, adverse effects
3) anticipated benefits
4) Alt. procedures or treatments
5) confidentiality and limits
6) Incentives and compensation
7) Contact info
8) Voluntary participation
Assent
even though a person who is more vulnerable may be unable to comprehend the details of a study to the degree listed on the consent form, they are able to agree to participate based on listening to the language provided by experimenter that they can understand.
Vulnerable populations
children, mental disabilities, prisoners; are all more likely to be sensitive to coercion and undue influence
-must be more careful and sensitive to participants
Deception
Passive and Active
Passive Deception: when researchers intentionally withhold information from potential participants that may influence the decision of informed consent
Active Deception: Intentionally mislead participants about some aspect of the study
Milgram Obedience Study
Deceptive experiment
Lied about purpose of the study (said to test how punishment effects learning)
-participant was teacher and confederate was the learner
-teacher shocked learner every time answer was incorrect because experimenter encouraged/ aggressively enforced they MUST do it
-true experiments purpose: Whether people would obey the order of the experimenter and shock the learner
-full debriefing not provided to all participants, until whole research complete
-conflicts fidelity and responsibility and integrity
Confederate
An in compliance investigator trained to act a certain way
Debriefing
A convo with participant that conveys additional info about the study
- provides info about the study
- learn how paritciapants perceive the research
- minimize adverse effects participant may have experienced
- Enlist individuals cooperation to not share info about the study SCIENTIFIC INTEGRITY minimize contamination
contamination
when future participants learn about study, from past participants (affecting the data collection of study if participants know studies purpose)
Inheretin Rights perspective
- All salient beings have moral standing and value
- cannot be used by humans for any purpose
- animals are incapable of consent
Utilitarian Rights perspective
- All salient beings have moral standing, but not equal
- Moral standing increases with pleasure and pain capacity
- research justified when human/animal benefit outweighs the risk
Pro-use perspective
- Humans strongly obliged to treat animals humane, but they do not have the same moral standing
- humans decide status
- benefit to human welfare justifies these studies
IACUC committee requirements
1) At least one member doctor of veterinary
2) Non-scientific background
3) A practicing scientist in research involving animals
The 3 R’s
- Reduction: researches should reduce # of animals in a study to minimum possible to achieve goal
- Refinement: Investigator should refine the experimental procedures to least possible amount of pain and suffering to achieve goal of study
- Replacement: When it’s scientifically snd ethically feasible should replace non-human animals with alternative methods. Replace sentient with less sentient
Fabrication and Falsification
False deceptive statements, report results inaccurately,
may be fabricating findings if researchers can’t duplicate the results
Plagiarism
Taking credit for someone else work or ideas
must use quotations, acknowledge the author name and date plus page number, and full reference the source
