Chapter 3: Conducting ethical Research

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

A system of moral principles and standards

Question 2

Nuremberg Code

Answer 2

• A set of ethical principles essential for medical experiment to be “permissible”
• In world war 2 the nazis committed horrible acts on the jews to further their research about the human bodily response without participants consent
• benefits must outweigh the risks
• participants can withdraw whenever
• no unnecessary risk to participants

Question 3

Belmont Report

Answer 3

An ethics code that provides the foundation for U.S federal regulations governing research on humans 
-this report came form the Tuskegee Syphillis study
-respect 
-beneficence 
-Justice 
3 PRINCIPLES GOVERN
-participant selection
-consent 
-risk-benefit assessment

Question 4

Tuskegee syphyllis study

Answer 4

40 year old black men potentially diagnosed with syphyliss

-2/3 diagnosed but no one was treated for purpose of study

Question 5

Common Rule

Answer 5

A United States federal policy that specifies ethic regulations for human subjects research

Question 6

APA Ethics code

Answer 6

general ethical principles, and specific ethical standards to guide psychologists professional behaviour
Beneficence 
nonmalieficence 
Fidelity and Responsibility 
Integrity 
Justice

Question 7

Canadas tri-council policy

Answer 7

Research for humans must have respect for…

• dignity
• informed consent
• vulnerable persons
• privacy and confidentiality
• Justice and Inclusion
• Research must minimize risks and maximize benefits

Question 8

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Answer 8

Beneficence: Strive to benefit those they work with
Nonmaleficence: strive to not harm those they work with

Question 9

Fidelity and Responsibility

Answer 9

Fidelity: Psychologists should behave in a trustworthy manner
Responsibility: adhering to professional codes of conduct, not exploiting people

Question 10

Integrity

Answer 10

Psychologists should be honest and truthful

Question 11

Justice

Answer 11

Participants must be treated fairly during research process, science should be made available so all can benefit from it

Question 12

Respect for peoples rights and dignity

Answer 12

Everyone has rights to privacy and confidentiality

treat everyone fair: prisoners, children, disabled

Question 13

CPA ETHICS CODE

Answer 13

respect for dignity
responsible caring
integrity in relationships
responsibility to society

Question 14

Institution Review Board in States (IRB) /Research Ethics Board in Canada (REB)

Answer 14

in charge of approving studies, declining studies, or inquiring investigations
must consist of 5 MEMBERS OF VARYING BACKGROUNDS
-not associated with institution
-one member with scientific background
-non scientific background

Question 15

Review process of studies for IRB/REB

Answer 15

Exempt From Review: No review needed, data is anonymous, already exists
Expedited Review: Quickly reviewed by 1-2 members
Full IRB Review: little risk in experiment, lengthy and reviewed by committee

Question 16

minimal risk

Answer 16

probability of magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinary encountered in daily life or in performance of routine physical or psychological examinations

Question 17

Risk of Physical Harm: and provide example!

Answer 17

Physical Injury or other discomfort

stressors influence behaviour (Noise, sleep deprivations)

Question 18

Risk of Psychological Harm: and provide example!

Answer 18

Negative emotions to self esteem or other psychological distress
anxiety caused from task or environment Sexual harassment interview)

Question 19

Risk of social harm and loss of privacy (HOW CAN RISKS BE LOWERED)

Answer 19

Info about a person becomes known and undesirable social consequences follow
sensitive information
Risks can be lowered by…
Anonymity and confidentiality

Question 20

Risk of Economic and Legal Harm and provide example!

Answer 20

risk of legal harm can over lap with considerations of privacy and social harm
(getting into a car accident if sleep deprived from experiment)

Question 21

Elements of informed consent 8 POINTS

Answer 21

1) Purpose and nature of research
2) anticipated risks, discomfort, adverse effects
3) anticipated benefits
4) Alt. procedures or treatments
5) confidentiality and limits
6) Incentives and compensation
7) Contact info
8) Voluntary participation

Question 22

Assent

Answer 22

even though a person who is more vulnerable may be unable to comprehend the details of a study to the degree listed on the consent form, they are able to agree to participate based on listening to the language provided by experimenter that they can understand.

Question 23

Vulnerable populations

Answer 23

children, mental disabilities, prisoners; are all more likely to be sensitive to coercion and undue influence
-must be more careful and sensitive to participants

Question 24

Deception

Passive and Active

Answer 24

Passive Deception: when researchers intentionally withhold information from potential participants that may influence the decision of informed consent
Active Deception: Intentionally mislead participants about some aspect of the study

Question 25

Milgram Obedience Study

Answer 25

Deceptive experiment
Lied about purpose of the study (said to test how punishment effects learning)
-participant was teacher and confederate was the learner
-teacher shocked learner every time answer was incorrect because experimenter encouraged/ aggressively enforced they MUST do it
-true experiments purpose: Whether people would obey the order of the experimenter and shock the learner
-full debriefing not provided to all participants, until whole research complete
-conflicts fidelity and responsibility and integrity

Question 26

Confederate

Answer 26

An in compliance investigator trained to act a certain way

Question 27

Debriefing

Answer 27

A convo with participant that conveys additional info about the study

1. provides info about the study
2. learn how paritciapants perceive the research
3. minimize adverse effects participant may have experienced
4. Enlist individuals cooperation to not share info about the study SCIENTIFIC INTEGRITY minimize contamination

Question 28

contamination

Answer 28

when future participants learn about study, from past participants (affecting the data collection of study if participants know studies purpose)

Question 29

Inheretin Rights perspective

Answer 29

• All salient beings have moral standing and value
• cannot be used by humans for any purpose
• animals are incapable of consent

Question 30

Utilitarian Rights perspective

Answer 30

• All salient beings have moral standing, but not equal
• Moral standing increases with pleasure and pain capacity
• research justified when human/animal benefit outweighs the risk

Question 31

Pro-use perspective

Answer 31

• Humans strongly obliged to treat animals humane, but they do not have the same moral standing
• humans decide status
• benefit to human welfare justifies these studies

Question 32

IACUC committee requirements

Answer 32

1) At least one member doctor of veterinary
2) Non-scientific background
3) A practicing scientist in research involving animals

Question 33

The 3 R’s

Answer 33

1. Reduction: researches should reduce # of animals in a study to minimum possible to achieve goal
2. Refinement: Investigator should refine the experimental procedures to least possible amount of pain and suffering to achieve goal of study
3. Replacement: When it’s scientifically snd ethically feasible should replace non-human animals with alternative methods. Replace sentient with less sentient

Question 34

Fabrication and Falsification

Answer 34

False deceptive statements, report results inaccurately,

may be fabricating findings if researchers can’t duplicate the results

Question 35

Plagiarism

Answer 35

Taking credit for someone else work or ideas

must use quotations, acknowledge the author name and date plus page number, and full reference the source