Chapter 3: Conducting ethical Research Flashcards
Ethics
A system of moral principles and standards
Nuremberg Code
- A set of ethical principles essential for medical experiment to be “permissible”
- In world war 2 the nazis committed horrible acts on the jews to further their research about the human bodily response without participants consent
- benefits must outweigh the risks
- participants can withdraw whenever
- no unnecessary risk to participants
Belmont Report
An ethics code that provides the foundation for U.S federal regulations governing research on humans -this report came form the Tuskegee Syphillis study -respect -beneficence -Justice 3 PRINCIPLES GOVERN -participant selection -consent -risk-benefit assessment
Tuskegee syphyllis study
40 year old black men potentially diagnosed with syphyliss
-2/3 diagnosed but no one was treated for purpose of study
Common Rule
A United States federal policy that specifies ethic regulations for human subjects research
APA Ethics code
general ethical principles, and specific ethical standards to guide psychologists professional behaviour Beneficence nonmalieficence Fidelity and Responsibility Integrity Justice
Canadas tri-council policy
Research for humans must have respect for…
- dignity
- informed consent
- vulnerable persons
- privacy and confidentiality
- Justice and Inclusion
- Research must minimize risks and maximize benefits
Beneficence and nonmaleficence
Beneficence: Strive to benefit those they work with
Nonmaleficence: strive to not harm those they work with
Fidelity and Responsibility
Fidelity: Psychologists should behave in a trustworthy manner
Responsibility: adhering to professional codes of conduct, not exploiting people
Integrity
Psychologists should be honest and truthful
Justice
Participants must be treated fairly during research process, science should be made available so all can benefit from it
Respect for peoples rights and dignity
Everyone has rights to privacy and confidentiality
treat everyone fair: prisoners, children, disabled
CPA ETHICS CODE
respect for dignity
responsible caring
integrity in relationships
responsibility to society
Institution Review Board in States (IRB) /Research Ethics Board in Canada (REB)
in charge of approving studies, declining studies, or inquiring investigations
must consist of 5 MEMBERS OF VARYING BACKGROUNDS
-not associated with institution
-one member with scientific background
-non scientific background
Review process of studies for IRB/REB
Exempt From Review: No review needed, data is anonymous, already exists
Expedited Review: Quickly reviewed by 1-2 members
Full IRB Review: little risk in experiment, lengthy and reviewed by committee
minimal risk
probability of magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinary encountered in daily life or in performance of routine physical or psychological examinations
Risk of Physical Harm: and provide example!
Physical Injury or other discomfort
stressors influence behaviour (Noise, sleep deprivations)
Risk of Psychological Harm: and provide example!
Negative emotions to self esteem or other psychological distress
anxiety caused from task or environment Sexual harassment interview)
Risk of social harm and loss of privacy (HOW CAN RISKS BE LOWERED)
Info about a person becomes known and undesirable social consequences follow
sensitive information
Risks can be lowered by…
Anonymity and confidentiality
Risk of Economic and Legal Harm and provide example!
risk of legal harm can over lap with considerations of privacy and social harm
(getting into a car accident if sleep deprived from experiment)
Elements of informed consent 8 POINTS
1) Purpose and nature of research
2) anticipated risks, discomfort, adverse effects
3) anticipated benefits
4) Alt. procedures or treatments
5) confidentiality and limits
6) Incentives and compensation
7) Contact info
8) Voluntary participation
Assent
even though a person who is more vulnerable may be unable to comprehend the details of a study to the degree listed on the consent form, they are able to agree to participate based on listening to the language provided by experimenter that they can understand.
Vulnerable populations
children, mental disabilities, prisoners; are all more likely to be sensitive to coercion and undue influence
-must be more careful and sensitive to participants
Deception
Passive and Active
Passive Deception: when researchers intentionally withhold information from potential participants that may influence the decision of informed consent
Active Deception: Intentionally mislead participants about some aspect of the study
