Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Child Development Exam 1 > Chapter 3: Conception and Prenatal development > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Conception and Prenatal development Flashcards

1
Q

Prenatal Stage of Development

A

period that begins with conception and ends with birth of newborn infant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Factors with enormous influence before conception:

A

Genetic issues, what kind of father/mother would they be, what are their parents like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Progesterone

A

Hormone secreted by ovaries which stimulates the endometrium (lining of uterus) to prepare for arrival of fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ovulation

A

14 days later, egg makes way to surface of ovary and breaks through ovary wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pregnancy

A

occurs when the egg is successfully implanted into the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alcohol effects in males

A

Reduces sperm count; erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Marijuana effects in males

A

marijuana’s ingredient hits sperm cells and causes a frenzied swimming activity, causing sperm cells to tire themselves out, cant make the swim to the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fertilization

A

the penetration of the egg by sperm; takes place in the fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

implantation

A

the fertilized egg lodges itself into the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ovarian reserve

A

the number of remaining viable eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Testicles

A

almond shaped glands found inside a sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Scrotum

A

the sac that holds the testicles, cools them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vagina

A

receives erect penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cervix

A

extension of uterus; barrier for negative substances that would come in from vagina to uterus; secretes mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mucus

A

Protective mechanism that is thick throughout most of the cycle, resists sperm cells from coming through; hormones thin out the mucus during ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cervical hostility

A

begins when cervical mucus does not thin out; is a hormonal problem, resists sperm cells from reaching uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Description of Uterus

A

Size of clenched fist; very muscular organ; muscles needed to surround, hold a baby, and contract to push baby out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Endometrium

A

cellular lining of the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What percent of fertilized eggs do not implant into the wall of the uterus?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When does the endometrium thicken?

A

1 week after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Endometriosis

A

a buildup in the fallopian tubes of endometrial cells from the uterus; the cells will reproduce there, clogging the system; one of the leading causes of infertility in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bacterial Infections in relation to Female Infertility

A

infection can break down endometrial tissue, leading to infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Conception vs pregnancy

A

the egg becomes fertilized vs the fertilized egg implants itself into endometrial wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

A

second major cause of female infertility; the surface of the ovary becomes overwhelmed by cysts which causes irregularity in menstrual periods and interferes with normal process of ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A

Located on both sides of the uterus; interior lining of tubes secretes a fluid that hydrates the egg; lining has muscles that contract and cause the cilia to brisk egg and move it along tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tubal Pregnancy (ectopic pregnancy)

A

fertilized egg gets stuck in fallopian tube, zygote divides and gets bigger and bigger inside the tube; becomes lethal quickly; causes bleeding and hemorrhaging, undetected may lead to infertility but may not show pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

A

May completely cause infertility; many cause discharge that may be easily noticed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ovaries

A

Fully form when baby is born; contains all the eggs a girl will ever have; eggs die over time, the rest are released menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

secreted by pituitary gland; stimulates ovaries to ripen eggs; there is 1 dominant egg that will outed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

just before ovulating, there is a spike in LH that actually causes ovulation;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cysts

A

naturally exist on ovaries everytime you ovulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ovarian cancer

A

one of the leading causes of death in females; difficult to detect, may be fatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A

sequence and orchestration of events of reproductive functioning of females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Birth control pill

A

made of synthetic hormones: estrogen and progesteone; designed to prevent ovulation, creates cervical hostility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Viable Time period egg to become fertilized

A

24 hours once you ovulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Follicular Phase

A

Varies; basal body temp 1/2 degree cooler than luteal; FSH during early part of cycle, stimulating ovaries to ripen eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Luteal Phase

A

body temp goes up 1/2 degree after ovulation; increaase in progesterone, less estradiol: LH is cause of ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Spotting

A

dominant egg may ripen faster than normal; not influenced by menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How long does it take to make a baby

A

266 days to 38 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Post Mature babies

A

Born a few weeks after the due date; placenta is getting old and may starve the baby of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Premature Babies

A

born weeks or months early; babies can survive after 26 weeks; generally have many problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

3 Periods of Prenatal Development

A

Period of the Ovum, Embryo, Fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Period of the Ovum (zygote)

A

first 2 weeks of prenatal development; cells begin to divide at very rapid rate and cells differentiate into distinct layers that will form organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Period of the Embryo

A

begins at the end of the second week and extends to the end of the 8th week following conception; all major organ systems are structurally formed except the genitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Period of the Fetus

A

3rd and final stage, 9th week - birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Neural Tube Disorders

A

occur when blastocyst doesnt successfully fuse to form brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Spinal Bifida

A

spine is exposed outside body

48
Q

Which nutrient may reduce risk of neural tube defects?

A

Folic acid

49
Q

Period of the Embryo - details

A

layers of cells differentiate and each layer is pre-determined to form certain organs; at end of 8th week, baby is 1 inch long; 3.5 weeks after conception, heart beats for the first time

50
Q

Umbilical Cord

A

tube containing two arteries and one vein which is pressurized to prevent tangling

51
Q

placenta

A

organ that sustains the baby by allowing oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood to cross a semi-permeable membrane to the baby; the 2 blood supplies dont actually mix

52
Q

Rubella Virus

A

attacked the babies’ optic nerves through placenta

53
Q

Effects of Thalidomide

A

babies are born with flipper-like appendages in place of the arms or legs

54
Q

When does baby have fully functioning immune system?

A

6 months later

55
Q

Teratogens

A

agents that are known to enter the biological system of the embryo and fetus and negatively influence development

56
Q

Effects of Cigarette Smoke

A

1/5 of women who smoke, smoke throughout their pregnancy; higher rates of miscarriage, still born, disease

57
Q

Fetal Growth Reduction

A

baby may be born 1/2 pound lighter

58
Q

Effects of Alcohol on Fetus

A

Ethanol goes right across placenta membrane; stays in high concentration for days, baby has not developed liver to filter alcohol; destroys nerve cells; has negative effect on migration of neurons

59
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

A

takes many forms, because of mother’s alcohol intake; leading cause of preventable intellectual deficiency

60
Q

Heroin or methadone effects

A

baby will be addicted to the drug, will experience neonatal abstinence syndrome; babies may be preterm and at low birth weight

61
Q

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

A

pattern of problems that can be life-threatening; symptoms are variable, but often include tremors, seizures, vomiting, and fevers

62
Q

Cocaine effects

A

babies may experience enormous pressure on cardiovascular system; generally irritable, easily over-stimulated, and are disorganized with caregivers

63
Q

What is 2nd choice of drug during pregnancy?

A

Meth

64
Q

Methamphetamine Effects

A

babies likely to be born as low birthing small-for-gestational age, and with reduced head circumference; may display higher rates of ADHD and aggressive behaviors

65
Q

Herpes

A

causes painful genital sores in adults; is transmissible to fetus only when sores are present in vagina when baby is directly contacted with maternal secretions during delivery; antiviral treatment of mother can reduce rate of transmission

66
Q

CMV

A

Second Common form of herpes virus; highly infectious, may resemble slight cold

67
Q

CMV effects on baby

A

May hide in system and affect baby; infants suffer intellectual disability, hearing loss, and psychomotor problems later in life; most common cause of transmission of disease from mother to newborn

68
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

AIDS is progressive weakening of immune system by HIV

69
Q

HIV/AIDS effects on baby

A

transmission is in uterus during birth process or breastfeeding; 25-35% rate; infants suffer frequent infection, diarrhea, fail to thrive or gain weight; may have brain damage

70
Q

Protease Inhibitors

A

May reduce transmission of HIV/AIDs to baby if treated aggressively

71
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Infection caused by a parasite found in intestines of infected cats and birds, some raw meats, and from vegetables that contain soil residue

72
Q

Toxoplasmosis effects on baby

A

miscarriage, still birth, or death of baby soon after birth

73
Q

Mercury

A

industrial pollutant that worked its way into food chain

74
Q

Toluene

A

Highly addictive chemical found in paint, glue, cleaning solution

75
Q

Effects of toluene

A

reduced birth weight structural abnormalities similar to FASD

76
Q

Phthalates

A

chemical agents in many industrial and cosmetic products that are readily absorbed through human skin

77
Q

Effects of phthalates

A

abnormalities in genital development in boys at 1 year

78
Q

Prenatal care

A

approach a mother and professionals take to ensure her well-being and fetus’s well being during delivery

79
Q

Heredity

A

Genetic Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring

80
Q

Cells

A

Biological units that are enormously complex in function and structure

81
Q

Chromosomes

A

rod-like structures found in nucleus; 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 total; one from mother one from father

82
Q

DNA

A

makes up chromosomes, 2 strands; arranged in double helix structure

83
Q

Genes

A

smaller units that make up each DNA thread; provide blueprints for biological expression of physical structures and traits

84
Q

Genome

A

collection of genes inherited across all 23 pairs of chromosomes

85
Q

Mitosis

A

body cells duplicate themselves; generates all cells of the body except sex cells

86
Q

Meiosis

A

process by which sex cells are produced

87
Q

Genetic diversity

A

division of chromosomes in 1st phase of meiosis ensures this

88
Q

Crossing over

A

segments of genes may be exchanged between chromosomes

89
Q

Name of X-chromosome

A

Gymnosperm

90
Q

Name of Y-chromosome

A

Andosperm

91
Q

Genotype

A

genetic material from mother blends with genetic material from father to create 1st living cell of unique human being

92
Q

Phenotype

A

observable expression of these traits

93
Q

reaction range

A

variation of phenotypic expression for given train

94
Q

opportunity structures

A

favorable environmental events and experiences that are uniquely designed to profit from some potentiality present in one’s genotype

95
Q

Gene regulation

A

individual genes are turned on or off to accomplish a variety of outcomes

96
Q

Two forms of Gene regulation:

A

differentiation of body cells early in development; epigenetic changes throughout development

97
Q

Epigenesis

A

genes are switched on or off by exposure of cells to specific effects of environment

98
Q

Recessive Diseases

A

PKU, Tay-Sachs Disease, Sickle-cell disease

99
Q

PKU - Phenylketonuria

A

metabolic disorder where child fails to produce enzyme needed to convert amino acid phenylalanine into harmless substance; without that substance, phenylalanine builds up and destroys CNS

100
Q

Tay Sachs Disease

A

child is unable to produce certain enzyme necessary for fat metabolism, causing fatty aids to build up in brain, liver, and spleen; dominant among Jews

101
Q

Sickle-cell disease

A

Mostly affects African americans; paired recessive alleles produce abnormal form of hemoglobin, distorting disk-like shape of normal blood cell into sickle shape; clogs blood vessels

102
Q

Sex-linked inhertiance

A

genetic transmission of traits and diseases by mechanism of 23rd pair of chromosomes, particularly X

103
Q

Hemophilia

A

maladaptive sex-linked trait; inability of blood to clot, leads to internal bleeding, may result in deformity or death

104
Q

Trisomy

A

when you have an extra chromosome, something happens during meiosis

105
Q

Down Syndrone

A

offspring has extra chromosome, 21st pair does not separate;IQ typically less than 50, varied degrees of intellectual disability; slow motor movement, impaired speech, symptoms increase with age; probability increases with age of mother

106
Q

Physical traits of down syndrome

A

broad, flat face with slanted eyes and elongated fold of eyelid; heart defects

107
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

alcohol is major cause; results from mutation of particular gene located at long arms of X chromosome on 23rd pair; extra chromosomal material; mutation can be inherited; males more affected; one of the largest causes of intellectual disability

108
Q

Genetic counselor

A

professional whose trained in transmission of genetic disease and traits and trained in the counseling that’s necessary

109
Q

Prenatal testing

A

child that could be born, counselor counsels couple already pregnant and empowers couple if they have to get help for their baby

110
Q

ultrasound

A

makes use of very high frequency sound waves to form an electronic “picture” of the fetus

111
Q

Sonogram

A

an electronic picture of the fetus

112
Q

Amniocentesis

A

insert hollow needle into abdomen of mother, clip off piece of amniotic fluid that contains cells and DNA, can determine if baby has any genetic disorders

113
Q

Age of viability

A

26 weeks into pregnancy

114
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

insert tube into vagina, dilate cervix, come in contact with developing placenta, suction off piece and remove for DNA testing

115
Q

Congenital disorders

A

disorders that are present at birth

Child Development Exam 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions